A Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Bedding Plane Inclination Angle on Hydro-Fracturing Breakdown Pressure in Stratified Rocks

In this paper, the effect of layer inclination, thickness and physical and mechanical properties of layers on hydraulic breakdown pressure was investigated. To achieve this aim, the model materials composed of kaolinite, cement and water in distinct ratios were used to simulate the laminated blocks like sandstone-shale and limestone-shale interbedded rocks. The fabricated rock blocks were drilled at different dip angles of 0⁰, 30⁰, 45⁰, 60⁰ and 90⁰ with respect to their bedding planes. The prepared laminated cylindrical samples are 54 mm in diameter and 108 mm in length. Then, these specimens were drilled in the center to prepare the hollow cylinder samples. The prepared specimens have two different layer thicknesses designated as low-thickness (t = 1cm) and high-thickness (t=2cm). The laboratory scaled hydraulic fracturing test was performed on thick-walled cylinder samples with different layer thicknesses and bedding plane inclination angles. The results of the study indicated the breakdown pressure is reduced for bedding plane angles ranging from 0⁰ to 45⁰ and increased for bedding plane angles 45⁰ to 90⁰. The minimum breakdown pressure occurred at inclination angle of 45◦. This phenomenon can be expressed as the anisotropy effect on the hydraulic fracturing breakdown pressure

Examine the relationship between religious orientation, intelligence, ethical, and mental health among students Azad University of ILAM

Mental health helps students to the potential of their minds and their psychological fitness. Religious behavior, a positive value in addressing the significant aspects of life and moral intelligence ability to recognize and distinguish right from wrong. The present study aim of this research is applied and the cross-correlation method. In this study, terms of which about the people through a questionnaire survey to collect. The population in this study consisted of all students of Islamic Azad University of ILAM. Using the formula for sample size estimation Cochran 260 was determined. For data collection, the questionnaires (religious orientation MATLABI General Health Questionnaire Goldberg, ethical intelligence questionnaire LENICK and Kiel) is used. Data software spss14 have been analyzed. The results show that there is a significant relationship between religious orientation, intelligence ethical and public health among Azad University of ILAM. Can by holding meetings group counseling, and family counseling based on the concepts of intelligence ethical and religious orientation helped to the mental health of students

Effect of low shoe heel height on the trunk muscular activity among young healthy females

Background and Objective: The reduction of shoe heel height can increase abdominal muscles activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of low shoe heel height on the trunk muscle activity in young healthy females. Materials and Methods: In this quasi- experimental (Pre-post ) study, 48 healthy females were evaluated at University of social welfare and rehabilitation at 2009-2010. Females were selected in a non probability sampling manner and divided randomly into two groups. Subjects in the first group (12 females) were used low heel height shoes(less than 3.4 cm) for six months. The second group (12 female) was used standard heel shoes height (3.5-5 cm) for six months. After the end of the first step of study, females in first group were used standard heel shoes height (3.5-5 cm) for six months. The Kinsiologic Electromyography instrument was used to test the Electromyography magnitude of rectus abdominal and external oblique activity. Data was analyzed with Paired and independent T student and Kolmogorrov-Smirnov tests. Results: Muscle activity in first and second groups at external oblique was 9.72±3.15 μν and 7.87±2.47 μν and at rectus abdominal was 11.60±3.58 μν and 9.81±3.46 μν respectively. Muscle activity before and after using standard shoe heel height was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that using lower heel shoes height increase the trunk muscle activity