Quantification Of Auto-Ignition In Diesel Engines

Efforts have been made previously by researchers to quantify the auto-ignition quality of fuels by calculating global activation energy using Arrhenius plots with data measured for the ignition delay period (ID). Large variation in the activation energy of fuels has been observed even for fuels with closer CN values. More recently, the activation energy values obtained by Kook et al in (2005) on an optical engine do not agree with data obtained in an identical metallic engine by Jayakumar using fuels of same CN. The disparity in their results can be attributed to the differences in ignition delay (ID) and effective temperature definitions used. Most researchers agree upon the start of ID time as the start of injection (SOI). The main point of disagreement has been in defining the end of ID period which is considered to be the start of combustion (SOC). As a result, numerous definitions for the ID period have been used by researchers which lead to variation in calculation of activation energy value. In addition, in heterogeneous combustion equipment to account for changes in charge temperature due to fuel evaporation and piston movement (in engines) an effective temperature value is used. Different definitions for the effective temperature have been reported in the literature. This leads to more variations in the activation energy value calculation. Furthermore, it was observed that engine test conditions and the temperature regime in which the tests are done would also affect the calculation of activation energy value. This dissertation examines the effects of ignition delay definitions, effective temperatures, engine conditions and temperature regimes on the global activation energy. Moreover, homogeneous charge test data has shown presence of a NTC regime in which the activation energy value can be either positive, negative or zero. However, heterogeneous test data from literature has always shown positive values for activation energy. This dissertation has also explained the reasons behind such a behavior

Hox Genes Regulate Muscle Founder Cell Pattern Autonomously and Regulate Morphogenesis Through Motor Neurons

The differentiation of myoblasts to form functional muscle fibers is a consequence of interactions between the mesoderm and ectoderm. The authors examine the role of segment identity in directing these interactions by studying the role of Hox genes in patterning adult muscles in Drosophila. Using the `four-winged fly' to remove Ultrabithorax function in the developing adult, the authors alter the identity of the ectoderm of the third thoracic segment towards the second and show that this is sufficient to inductively alter most properties of the mesoderm—myoblast number, molecular diversity, and migration pattern—to that of the second thoracic segment. Not all aspects of myogenesis are determined by the segment identity of the ectoderm. The autonomous identity of the mesoderm is important for choosing muscle founder cells in the correct segmental pattern. The authors show this by removal of the function of Antennapedia, the Hox gene expressed in the mesoderm of the third thoracic segment. This results in the transformation of founder cells to a second-thoracic pattern. The authors also report a role for the nervous system in later aspects of muscle morphogenesis by specifically altering Ultrabithorax gene expression in motor neurons. Thus, ectoderm and mesoderm segment identities collaborate to direct muscle differentiation by affecting distinct aspects of the process

Settlement Analysis of Circular Footings on Layered Soil Systems

Many studies are available on the settlement analysis of footings on a homogeneous soil deposit underlain by a rigid base. However, the soil profile is seldom homogenous and typically a layered soil system is encountered in practice. The present study deals with the settlement profiles of soil underneath a circular footing of radius equal to a, and resting on a finite two-layered soil system with thicknesses equal to H1 and H2. The deformation moduli and Poisson’s ratios of the two layers are E1, υ1, and E2, υ2. The settlement profiles are proposed for varying H1/a and H2/a ratios (H1/a= 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6, and H2/a= 1, 2, 4 and 6). The moduli ratio E1/E2is varied as 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 20. The extent of settlement due to load is also proposed from the surface settlement profile which can help in determining the influence of a footing on the neighboring footing or structure. The analysis is carried out using PLAXIS 2D vAE. In addition, the settlement influence factors are proposed for the above mentioned ratios to estimate the maximum settlement of the footing on a layered system. The results are also compared with the settlement measured in a building on a layered system in Adelaide, Southern Australia, and the results are found to be comparable

AN ASSESSMENT ON BUCCAL MUCOADHESIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Buccal drug delivery system (BDDS) has won a variety of exposure and traction as it possesses plenty of advantages and benefits as evaluate to different mucosal drug delivery systems. Buccal path for systemic drug delivery, the use of mucoadhesive polymers twill significantly increase the efficacy of many tablets, has been of outstanding interest over the previous couple of decades. This article affords a precise of BDDS mechanisms, consisting of a composition of the oral mucosa, delivery mechanism, numerous forms of BDDS, formulation, assessment and application of BDDS. Additionally, this text affords a precis over the patents, advertised products and destiny factors of BDDS. In this evaluation article, we've got tried to assemble the maximum significant reports (1988 to 2021) of formulation, assessment, application, patents of BDDS. This review will help pharmaceutical researchers to clarify the potential of BDDS to overcome the various existing drug delivery dispute like the efficiency of absorption, permeability and bioavailability of drugs

GENETIC VARIATIONS IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME DISEASE

objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age with a prevalence ofapproximately 5-10% worldwide. PCOS is a complex genetic disorder caused by several genes and environmental factors. The aim of this study is toprovide an overview on variations in PCOS-associated genes based on underlying geneticsMethods: Detailed literature screening was performed in PubMed. Manual curation process was adopted to extract the information on PCOS,associated genes, mechanism of association, details of the association, significance of association mentioned in the papers were carefully capturedaccording to the authors' interpretation of the results.Results: The detailed literature study revealed several genes and the genetic variations in PCOS and its critical effects, such as ovarian failure, obesity,spontaneous abortion, recurrent pregnancy loss, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenim. The causal genetic variants were assembled at variouslevels, including mutation, single nucleotide polymorphism, etc., in PCOS and the associated phenotypic effects.Conclusion: The genetic variations play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCOS across different ethnicities, as it is associated with various otherendocrine disorders including diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, hyperandrogenism, reproductive disorders, etc. The underlyingmechanism and the network help in identifying the candidate genes or biomarkers in the disease conditions.Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Gene, Mutation, Polymorphism, Single nucleotide polymorphism

Finite Element Modeling of Ground - Structure Interaction Considering Non-Linear Response of the Ground

Response of the ground on which the structure rests will have a bearing on the distribution of forces in the structural members. Conventional method s of structural analysis and design a ssume often fixed bases for various loading conditions. A realistic analysis and design procedure should includ e actual support flexibility, no nlinear and heterogeneous nature of the soil together with nonlinear soil-structure in teraction effects. Such an analysis would resu lt in overall stiffne ss of the soil-foundation-structure system , realistic to the existing conditions. This work focuses on the computational modeling of ground-structure interaction usi ng finite element package ANSYS. To demonstrate the behavior of structure while considering actual nature of ground response , a simple portal frame is analyzed. Portal frame is modeled as linear elastic, whereas the ground is modeled as both linear elastic and non-linear elastic-plastic behavior. The study gives insight into variation of displacement of portal frame while considering linear and non-linear behavior of ground

RECENT UPDATE ON ORAL FILMS: A BENCH TO MARKET POTENTIAL

Oral films are gaining a lot of attention as a substitute approach to the conventional dosage form. Over the past few years, many of the pharmaceutical scientists throughout the world are focusing their research on oral films, trying to see the sights of oral films as a novel drug delivery system. The oral films are convenient to swallow for geriatric and pediatric patients, are self-administrable, used for systemic and local action and rapid release of a drug, which makes it an excellent system of drug delivery. This review article mainly discusses the manufacturing aspects of films and their characterization, applications and the constraints in the development of oral films along with highlights of market potential

A questionnaire based study to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance among exam going second year undergraduate medical students in a South Indian teaching hospital

Background: Pharmacovigilance not only helps in the early detection of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) but also facilitates the identification of both, risk factors and the underlying mechanism. To increase the reporting rate, it is essential to improve the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of healthcare professionals regarding ADR reporting and pharmacovigilance, especially during undergraduate and postgraduate education. The objective of this study was to assess the KAP about pharmacovigilance among exam-going second-year undergraduate medical students.Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 150 exam-going second-year undergraduate students from Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore from April 2022 to June 2022. A validated questionnaire consisting of 22 questions divided into 3 sections; knowledge, attitude, and practice was used. Statistical analysis of data was done using an MS excel spreadsheet.Results: Out of the 150 participants 133 had good knowledge about ADR and pharmacovigilance. Majority of the students agreed that reporting of ADRs is necessary (95.3%), mandatory (95.3%), and should be included in pharmacology practicals (94.7%). Only 29.3% of the students had witnessed an ADR and none of the participants had ever reported an ADR indicating poor practice among the undergraduate students.Conclusions: Students had good knowledge and positive attitude towards ADR reporting and pharmacovigilance. Practice regarding pharmacovigilance was found to be poor, indicating the need for training the undergraduate students in ADR reporting by including ADR recognition and reporting as a part of clinical posting curriculum

Effect of Dilatancy Angle on Bearing Capacity

In Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the angle of shearing resistance of soil is assumed to be constant along the slip plane. However, over the second half of the last century, it is well recognized that the dilatancy angle influences the shear strength of sand. Many researchers have proposed correlations between the angle of shearing resistance at peak state in terms of intrinsic soil variables and soil state variables. Studies on the effect of dilatancy angle of soil, ψ, on the load-settlement response of a strip footing are available in the literature. However, in most of these studies, ψ equal to zero or equal to angle of shearing resistance of soil, is assumed, and only limited studies are available to predict the load-settlement response of strip footing when the dilatancy angle of sand lies between zero and In the present study, the effect of dilatancy angle of sand on the loadsettlement response of a rigid strip footing resting on sand and on the formation of slip planes is studied by varying the dilatancy angle ranging from zero to the angle of shearing resistance of soil (i.e., ψ =0 to