The Effects of Manual Tooth Brushing on Parotid and Submandibular/Sublingual Gland Salivary Flow Rates in Healthy Young and Older Adults

Saliva is crucial for the maintenance of oral health. Individuals with reduced salivary flow may experience a distortion in taste, difficulty swallowing, and impaired articulation of speech. Research has shown that tooth brushing increases whole salivary flow rates in older adults. It is important to determine whether this increase results from the modulation of parotid gland salivary flow, submandibular and sublingual gland salivary flow, or both. Saliva produced from the parotid gland aids in digestive processes, while saliva secreted from the submandibular and sublingual glands promotes protection of the oral cavity. A within-subjects methodology was used to examine the effects of tooth brushing on gland-specific salivary flow rates in healthy young and older adults. Tooth brushing was associated with increased salivary flow from both the parotid and submandibular and sublingual glands in young and older adults. Tooth brushing may hold potential as a therapeutic approach to increasing salivary flow rates

Influence Of Gender And Race On Self-Objectification

The current study examined how men\u27s expectations and references in women\u27s body type (the study attempts to examine the effects of men\u27s expectations by manipulating the gender and race of the present research assistant) may affect how heterosexual women value and judge themselves. This was explored through a manipulation of the experimenter\u27s race and gender. The researcher manipulated the experimenter\u27s race and gender; assuming that the participants have a stereotypical expectation of what men prefer (a more slender body type) in feminine body types. The experimenters interviewed the participants on their confidence, self-esteem, and body-image. The research is important to help identify reasons why women have a greater tendency to self-objectify than men. Previous research has emphasized the role media plays on self-objectification of women. It is possible that the media is not the only influence society has on how a woman determines her worth and value. The self-objectification theory suggests that women are socialized to determine their value based on their appearance and physical attractiveness. Each participant was interviewed by an experimenter. The experimenters varied in gender and race: an African American undergraduate male student, a caucasian undergraduate male student, and a Caucasian undergraduate female student. The current study consisted of one hundred and fifty five Caucasian female undergraduate participants from the University of North Dakota. They were divided into three groups. Fifty-three participants were in the Caucasian Male group; the African American Male and the Caucasian Female group each had fifty-one participants. The participants had their BMI measured. They were given the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBC), Rosenberg\u27s Self Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Figure Rating Scale (FRS). The participants were also asked to fill out a questionnaire providing information regarding age, ethnicity, grade, sexuality, and their attraction to the research assistant. A Modern Racism Scale was given in order to rule out racism as a factor in the OBC scores. The current study suggested that women were more self conscious or increased their self objectification in the presence of the female experimenter. According to the present data, a women\u27s self-objectification did not seem to depend upon a stereotyped perception of the preferences of males\u27 sexual desires. The difference between men and women\u27s impact on self-objectification should be researched further and in various social situations. The author proposes in the discussion, that women in a research situation did not feel in the laboratory as they would in day to day situations where they may otherwise feel objectified, such as job interviews, working, classrooms, and/or socializing

Perturbative Wilson loops from unquenched Monte Carlo simulations at weak couplings

Perturbative expansions of several small Wilson loops are computed through next-to-next-to-leading order in unquenched lattice QCD, from Monte Carlo simulations at weak couplings. This approach provides a much simpler alternative to conventional diagrammatic perturbation theory, and is applied here for the first time to full QCD. Two different sets of lattice actions are considered: one set uses the unimproved plaquette gluon action together with the unimproved staggered-quark action; the other set uses the one-loop-improved Symanzik gauge-field action together with the so-called ``asqtad'' improved-staggered quark action. Simulations are also done with different numbers of dynamical fermions. An extensive study of the systematic uncertainties is presented, which demonstrates that the small third-order perturbative component of the observables can be reliably extracted from simulation data. We also investigate the use of the rational hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for unquenched simulations with unimproved-staggered fermions. Our results are in excellent agreement with diagrammatic perturbation theory, and provide an important cross-check of the perturbation theory input to a recent determination of the strong coupling $\alpha_{\bar{\rm MS}}(M_Z)$ by the HPQCD collaboration.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure

On the relation between the width of the flux tube and Tc−1T_c^{-1} in lattice gauge theories

Within the framework of a quantum flux tube model for the interquark potential it is possible to predict that in (2+1) dimensions the space-like string tension must increase with the temperature in the deconfined phase and that the thickness of the flux tube must coincide with the inverse of the deconfinement temperature. Both these predictions are in good agreement with some recent numerical simulations of SU(2) and $Z_2$ gauge models.Comment: 3 pages, uuencoded .ps file (Proceeding of Lattice '93 Conference

B Physics on the Lattice: Present and Future

Recent experimental measurements and lattice QCD calculations are now reaching the precision (and accuracy) needed to over-constrain the CKM parameters $\bar\rho$ and $\bar\eta$. In this brief review, I discuss the current status of lattice QCD calculations needed to connect the experimental measurements of $B$ meson properties to quark flavor-changing parameters. Special attention is given to $B\to\pi\ell\nu$, which is becoming a competitive way to determine $|V_{ub}|$, and to $B^0-\bar{B^0}$ mixings, which now include reliable extrapolation to the physical light quark mass. The combination of the recent measurement of the $B_s$ mass difference and current lattice calculations dramatically reduces the uncertainty in $|V_{td}|$. I present an outlook for reducing dominant lattice QCD uncertainties entering CKM fits, and I remark on lattice calculations for other decay channels.Comment: Invited brief review for Mod. Phys. Lett. A. 15 pages. v2: typos corrected, references adde

Participation in career development communities of practice: Perspectives from low socio-economic background students

This is the final version. Available from EAWOP via the DOI in this recordDespite experiencing challenges in transitioning into graduate employment (Ashley, Duberley, Sommerlad & Scholarios, 2015; Boston Consulting Group, 2017) low socioeconomic background students are less likely to engage with support offered through their higher education careers services (Greenbank & Hepworth, 2008; Simpson & Ferguson, 2013). This study investigates the efficacy of using a four-week online community of practice intervention aiming to build careers support engagement of students from low socio-economic backgrounds through peer learning. Through a series of 24 semi-structured interviews, it was found that students who disengaged from the intervention reported doing so due to feeling apprehensive about their lack of knowledge and experience, other commitments (especially term-time work and academic studies), and anxiety associated with transition from university to work. This research expands the careers counselling literature to not only consider career consulting practices, but also student engagement through leveraging social learning. This work has additional practical applications for careers practitioners highlighting benefits and drawbacks of offering career support through online communities of practice

Adjoint "quarks" on coarse anisotropic lattices: Implications for string breaking in full QCD

A detailed study is made of four dimensional SU(2) gauge theory with static adjoint ``quarks'' in the context of string breaking. A tadpole-improved action is used to do simulations on lattices with coarse spatial spacings $a_s$, allowing the static potential to be probed at large separations at a dramatically reduced computational cost. Highly anisotropic lattices are used, with fine temporal spacings $a_t$, in order to assess the behavior of the time-dependent effective potentials. The lattice spacings are determined from the potentials for quarks in the fundamental representation. Simulations of the Wilson loop in the adjoint representation are done, and the energies of magnetic and electric ``gluelumps'' (adjoint quark-gluon bound states) are calculated, which set the energy scale for string breaking. Correlators of gauge-fixed static quark propagators, without a connecting string of spatial links, are analyzed. Correlation functions of gluelump pairs are also considered; similar correlators have recently been proposed for observing string breaking in full QCD and other models. A thorough discussion of the relevance of Wilson loops over other operators for studies of string breaking is presented, using the simulation results presented here to support a number of new arguments.Comment: 22 pages, 14 figure

Unquenching effects on the coefficients of the L\"uscher-Weisz action

The effects of unquenching on the perturbative improvement coefficients in the Symanzik action are computed within the framework of L\"uscher-Weisz on-shell improvement. We find that the effects of quark loops are surprisingly large, and their omission may well explain the scaling violations observed in some unquenched studies.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, uses revtex4; version to appear in Phys.Rev.