Zaoyang chondrite cooling history from pyroxene Fe(2+)-Mg intracrystalline ordering and exolutions

The Zaoyang ordinary chondrite fell as a single 14.15-kg mass in Hubey province (China) in October 1984 and was classified as a non-brecciated H5 chondrite, shock facies b. Cooling rate in pyroxenes can be calculated down to about 1000 C by using fine textures and at still lower temperatures (700 to 200 C) by intracrystalline ordering processes. The crystal chemistry of clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene from the matrix of the H5 Zaoyang chondrite has been investigated by X-ray structure refinement and detailed microprobe analysis. By comparison with terrestrial pyroxenes cell and polyhedral volumes in clino- and orthopyroxenes show a low crystallization pressure. Fe(2+) and Mg are rather disordered in M1 and M2 sites of clino- and orthopyroxenes; the closure temperatures of the exchange reaction are 600 and 512 C respectively, which is consistent with a quite fast cooling rate, estimated of the order of one degree per day. The closure temperature for the intercrystalline Ca-Mg exchange reaction for clino- and orthopyroxene showing clinopyroxene lamellae about 10 microns thick. Kinetic evaluations based on the thickness of exolved lamellae give a cooling rate of not more than a few degrees per 10(exp 4) years. The different cooling rates obtained from Fe(2+)-Mg intracrystalline partitioning and exolution lamellae suggest an initial episode of slow cooling at 900 C, followed by faster cooling at temperatures of 600-500 C at low pressure conditions. The most probable scenario of the meteorite history seems that the exolved orthopyroxene entered the parental chondrite body after exolution had taken place at high temperature. Subsequent fast cooling occurred at low temperature after the formation of the body

Cathodoluminescence, Raman and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion system mapping to unravel the mineralogy and texture of an altered Ca-Al-rich inclusion in Renazzo CR2 carbonaceous chondrite

An altered fluffy type A Ca-Al-rich inclusion in the CR2 Renazzo carbonaceous chondrite was examined by combined Raman, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion system (SEM-EDS) and cathodoluminescence (CL) mapping. Blue CL at 450 nm and orange emission at 600 nm were related to anorthite and calcite, respectively. Raman spectra were highly fluorescent, and only the stronger peaks of anorthite, clinopyroxene and calcite were observed. Raman-induced fluorescence emission was measured using the 632-nm Raman laser source, up to 850 nm, and used to chart the mineral phases. A fluorescence structured peak at 690 nm, split in three subpeaks at 678, 689 and 693 nm, was found; it is likely related to the fluorescence emission of Cr3+ from a fassaitic pyroxene in anorthite. Secondary pyroxene in the Wark–Lovering rim does not show the peak at 690 nm; the different fluorescence emission from the secondary rim and the pyroxene patches within anorthite could be a marker to spot the primary pyroxene. From combined imaging, the events in the altered chondrite could be sequenced. Starting from a pristine assemblage of spinel and melilite, with little fassaite, several alteration episodes occurred. Alteration in secondary anorthite, which could be mapped by the blue CL emission at 450 nm, was followed by alkalization, with rims of sodalite and nepheline, and subsequent formation of secondary clinopyroxene, encircling the inclusion. Widespread calcite alteration, present also in the matrix between chondrules, was the last recorded event

Raman modes in Pbca enstatite (Mg2Si2O6): an assignment by quantum mechanical calculation to interpret experimental results

Raman spectra of orthoenstatite have been computed from first principles, employing the hybrid Hamiltonian WC1LYP.[1] The calculated data show excellent agreement with the experimental data from literature with an absolute average difference of ~5 cm1. The quantum mechanical simulation allowed the assignment of Raman features to specific vibrational modes. This enabled to assess quantitatively the contributions of internal (tetrahedral stretching) and external (tetrahedral chains and M1 and M2 cations) vibrations. Moreover, the mass substitution of 56Fe for 24Mg in the M1 and M2 sites and of 30Si and 18O for the 28Si and 16O sites, pointed out the relative contributions of the cations to each mode within different sites. The description of the Raman modes enabled to relate the major experimental peaks to specific structural vibrations, and to link the changes in crystal structure to those modes with pressure, temperature and composition. The results provide new clues to identify most suitable peaks for the investigation of the intracrystalline ordering of Fe and Mg in the M1 and M2 sites, and of Al in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Moreover we have been able to identify those peaks which are related to structural features, like tetrahedral bond distances

Particle size and potential toxic element speciation in municipal solid waste incineration (Mswi) bottom ash

The speciation of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in bottom ashes from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) and their relationship with grain size is investigated. The proposed enrichment of several potential toxic elements in lower sized grains is discussed, comparing the literature and new data on Parma’s waste incinerator. Results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), SEM-EDS, and XRD analyses on different grain size show (1) a positive Si-trend, correlated with grain size and few lithophile elements, such as Zr and Rb. In Parma, Al, K, Mg, and Fe also correlate with Si for the portion below 2 mm; (2) a Ca-trend, with a strong negative correlation with Si and a positive correlation with loss on ignition (LOI), S, Cl, Ti, Zn, Pb, and Sn. Mineralogical composition shows a little change in grain size, as in previous investigations, but with substantial differences in amorphous content. SEM-EDS analysis shows that the amorphous portion is highly heterogeneous, with portions coming from melting during incineration, residual glass, and unburnt loss on ignition (LOI). The above results show that PTE elements are either present as metals (such as Cu and Ni, or Zn, Pb and Sn) in carbonate, sulfate, and amorphous residual LOI portions