Can visualizations complement quantitative process analysis measures? A case study of nurses identifying patients before administering medications

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of visualizations for exploring one error-prone health care process: nurses verifying patients\u27 identities during the medication administration process. We employed three types of process visualizations (i.e., Markov chains, sparklines, and timeline belt visualizations) to explore process execution data from an experiment wherein nurse participants (N = 20) administered medications to three patients in a simulated clinical setting. One patient had an embedded error, with the medication being incorrect for the patient. The visualizations allowed us to view aggregate and individual-level process execution data, providing insights into the orders in which participants completed process steps. Although we used eye tracking videos, the system developed in this study can automatically generate visualizations using large process execution data sets produced from an array of sources, including observations, sensors, and health IT audit trails. In this article, we demonstrate that the visualizations provide insights complementary to quantitative measures regarding what process steps participants likely used to identify errors, with the visualizations requiring less work to produce. Therefore, the visualizations may be an effective means for efficiently comparing sets of process execution data (e.g., different individuals completing a process, pre- and post-technology implementation, pre- and post-quality improvement intervention)

Ellipsometric and electrochemical studies of the surface films on AISI 304 SS in acidic KCNS solution

213-218<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">Surface films formed on solution annealed and sensitised AISI 304 SS in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution in the absence and presence of 0.01 M KCNS have been evaluated for their refractive index and thickness using ellipsometry. The results are correlated to the protectiveness of the surface films formed in this environment, as determined by electrochemical potentiokinectic reactivation (EPR) tests. It has been observed that surface films (189-363 Ǻ thick) formed on the sensitised AISI 304 SS in the acidic solution without and with KCNS are non-protective, whereas those formed on the solution annealed SS (123 -134Ǻ) in the same environment are protective in nature.</span

Corrosion inhibition of picolinic acid and ascorbic acid mixture by 5-hexyn-1-ol

292-299Inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in a deaerated solution containing a mixture of picolinic acid (3.5×10-2 M) and ascorbic acid (1.0×10-2M), effective for magnetite film removal, by 5-hexyn-1-ol has been studied between 30 to 70°C by weight loss and electrochemical impedance techniques. The effect of inhibitor concentration and the reaction temperature on the performance of inhibitor has been evaluated. Activation energy for carbon steel corrosion decreased upon the addition of 5-hexyn-1-ol suggesting that the mode of operation is by chemisorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface. The inhibitor efficiency increased with temperature confirming to the chemical nature of adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters such as free energy, heat and entropy of adsorption of the inhibitor on carbon steel surface have been determined. 5-hexyn-1-ol has been shown to follow Bockris-Swinkels isotherm leading to the replacement of four water molecules per inhibitor molecule adsorbed. Impedance measurements showed that the addition of inhibitor affects the charge transfer process on exposure for longer duration. While the charge transfer resistance increased in presence of 5-hexyn-1-ol, the double layer capacity showed reverse trend

Nanocrystalline Ni-Cu alloy plating by pulse electrolysis

Pulse electrolysis and the effect of pulse parameters on the composition of Ni-Cu alloys deposited from a citrate bath has been studied. Coherent, smooth and bright coating is obtained by precise control of the pulse time, relaxation time and peak current density. Stirring, high pH and high temperature is shown to increase the copper content of the deposit. X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed that the deposited Ni-Cu alloy is nanocrystalline in nature (crystallite size not, vert, ~2.5-28.5 nm) and it exists in a single FCC-phase. The strain and mean crystallite size has also been estimated from X-ray diffraction line broadening analysis. Knoop microhardness for pulse current (PC) plated samples is higher than the direct current (DC) plated sample and the internal stress is lower for the PC sample. The corrosion resistance of the pulse-plated Ni-35.8 wt.% Cu alloy, as evaluated by potentiodynamic polarisation studies in deaerated 3 wt.% NaCl solution at 50°C, is better than that of the DC-plated alloy and the commercial Monel-400