Analysis of components alignment in total knee replacement using traditional jigs and its relationship to the functional outcome

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent chronic joint disease affecting ambulation of a person. The incidence of osteoarthritis is rising because of the ageing population and the epidemic of obesity. Pain and loss of function are the main clinical features that lead to treatment. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the components alignment in total knee replacement done using traditional jigs which include Varus, valgus and rotational alignment of tibial and femoral components Posterior tibial slope and posterior condylar offset preoperatively and post operatively. To assess the relationship between components alignment and the functional outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was done between the period of September 2013 – May 2015. 15 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty in Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Madras Medical College were assessed clinically, functionally and radiologically. The follow up period was at 3 months, 6 months. The study was conducted at the Institute of Orthopaedics, Madras Medical College , Chennai. RESULTS: - Intramedullary jig for femur gave satisfactory coronal plane alignment of the femoral component. - For rotational alignment of the femur in addition to the posterior condylar line, transepicondylar axis and whiteside line must also be compared for accurate rotational. - Extramedullary alignment jig for tibia provided satisfactory coronal plane alignment of the tibial component. CONCLUSION: It’s ideal to compare the position of the components with the anatomical landmark intraoperatively in addition to the jigs. When all the landmarks are used in total knee replacement using traditional jigs we can achieve proper component alignment

New record of Sphenopid Zoanthid species Palythoa tuberculosa (Esper, 1805) from Gulf of Mannar, India

Coral reefs provide a suitable habitat for many marine flora and fauna. Zoanthid is one of the most common inhabitants in coral reef habitats. A sub-massive colony of Sphenopid Zoanthid species Palythoa tuberculosa belonging to the order Zoantharia was documented for the first time from Gulf of Mannar (GoM) during an intensive coral reef monitoring survey conducted in Manoli, Manoliputti and Shingle Island. Photographic evidence of the colony along with its morphological characteristics are described in the present study

Selective alleviation of Mitomycin C sensitivity in lexA3 strains of Escherichia coli demands allele specificity of rif-nal mutations: a pivotal role for rpoB87-gyrA87 mutations.

Very recently, we have reported about an unconventional mode of elicitation of Mitomycin C (MMC) specific resistance in lexA3 (SOS repair deficient) mutants due to a combination of Rif-Nal mutations (rpoB87-gyrA87). We have clearly shown that UvrB is mandatory for this unconventional MMC resistance in rpoB87-gyrA87-lexA3 strains and uvrB is expressed more even without DNA damage induction from its LexA dependent promoter despite the uncleavable LexA3 repressor. The rpoB87 allele is same as the rpoB3595 which is known to give rise to a fast moving RNA Polymerase and gyrA87 is a hitherto unreported Nal(R) allele. Thus, it is proposed that the RNA Polymerase with higher elongation rate with the mutant DNA Gyrase is able to overcome the repressional hurdle posed by LexA3 to express uvrB. In this study we have systematically analysed the effect of three other rpoB (rif) mutations-two known to give rise to fast moving RNAP (rpoB2 and rpoB111) and one to a slow moving RNAP (rpoB8) and four different alleles of gyrA Nal(R) mutations (gyrA199, gyrA247, gyrA250, gyrA259) isolated spontaneously, on elicitation of MMC resistance in lexA3 strains. Our results indicate that in order to acquire resistance to 0.5 µg/ml MMC cells require both rpoB87 and gyrA87 but resistance to 0.25 µg/ml of MMC can be brought about by either rpoB87, gyrA87, fast moving rpoB mutations or other nal mutations also. We have also depicted increased constitutive uvrB expression in strains carrying fast moving RNAP (rpoB2 and rpoB111) with gyrA87 and another nal mutation with rpoB87 and expression level in these strains is lesser than rpoB87-gyrA87 strain. These results evidently suggest an allele specific role for the rif-nal mutations to acquire MMC resistance in lexA3 strains via increased constitutive uvrB expression and a pivotal role for rpoB87-gyrA87 combination to elicit higher levels of resistance

List of <i>E. coli</i> K12 strains used in this study, their relevant Genotype and source.

*<p>CGSC -Coli Genetic Stock Centre, USA.</p><p><b>#</b> CDFD – Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics.</p

Survival of different <i>rif-nal</i> strains on MMC plates.

<p>a. % survival of relevant <i>gyrA87-</i>Rif^R strains on LB plates containing 0.5 µg/ml of MMC. b. % survival of relevant <i>rpoB87-</i>Nal^R strains on LB plates containing 0.5 µg/ml of MMC. The values plotted are the average of three independent set of experiments. The standard error values are given as error bars. The % survival values were calculated as (cfu per ml in LB with MMC plates/cfu per ml in LB plates w/o MMC) X100.</p

<i>rpoB</i> alleles used in this study and their relevant characteristics.

*<p>Values given as fold increase in termination read through are from Jin <i>et al</i>, 1988.</p

Level of MMC survival in relevant strains and its implications.

<p>R (+++) – ∼100% survival.</p><p>R (++) – ∼1% survival.</p><p>S (−) – ∼0.01–0.001% survival.</p><p>S (–) – ∼ 0.0001–0.00001% survival.</p><p>S (–) – Complete loss of survival.</p

Sequential spotting test for analyses of survival of various Rif-Nal strains on LB plates containing 0.5 µg/ml of MMC after ∼24 hours incubation.

<p>Appropriate control strains (AB1157 for positive control and DM49 for Negative control) were also tested. The growth of the respective strains on LB plates without MMC after ∼12–14 hours incubation is given on the right.</p

Extent of filamentation in MMC untreated and 0.5 µg/ml MMC treated samples of indicated strains as observed under light microscope.

<p>Relevant genotypes of the strains are mentioned wherever appropriate.</p