Structure-linked latency of muscarinic receptors in axonal transport

AbstractMuscarinic receptors that accumulated above a ligature in rat sciatic nerves were labelled in vitro under isotonic conditions withN[3H]methylscopolamine. The addition of 0.005% of digitonin doubled the binding in proximal segments above and close to the ligature but not in the intermediary segments between two ligatures. Osmotic shock and freeze-thawing treatments also enhanced the binding. Digitonin did not affect the affinity of muscarinic receptors but revealed a greater number of sites by increasing the membrane permeability to the hydrophilic ligand. We conclude that presynaptic muscarinic receptors that undergo fast axonal transport in rat sciatic nerves exist under a latent form because they are associated with vesicles. This is the first demonstration of a structure-linked latency for receptors

The Impact Of Tax Benefit Systems On Low Income Households In The Benelux Countries. A Simulation Approach Using Synthetic Datasets

Computing the tax-benefit position of similar typical households across countries is a method widely used in comparative fiscal- and social policy research. These calculations provide convenient summary pictures of certain aspects of tax-benefit systems. They can, however, be seriously misleading because they reduce very complex systems to single point estimates. Using an integrated European tax-benefit model (EUROMOD), we substitute the typical household by a synthetic dataset, which can be used across countries. By varying certain important household characteristics (notably income), this dataset captures a much larger range of household situations. The calculations performed on this range of households not only show the tax-benefit position of many individual households but also demonstrate which household characteristics determine taxes and benefits in each country. Hypothetical calculations such as those presented here do not exploit the ability of EUROMOD to determine the impact of social and fiscal policies on actual populations. Nevertheless, they can be a valuable contribution to understanding tax-benefit systems since they allow us to separate the effects of tax-benefit rules from those of the population structure. We compute and compare disposable incomes for a large range of pre-tax-and-benefit income (so called budget constraints) of households in the Benelux countries. Disposable incomes are then decomposed to separately show the effects of each simulated tax and transfer payment. Based on these results, we illustrate the performance of the three tax-benefit systems in terms of ensuring a minimum level of household income.European Union, Microsimulation, Poverty, Benelux, Average Production Worker

Multi-source statistics:Basic situations and methods

Many National Statistical Institutes (NSIs), especially in Europe, are moving from single‐source statistics to multi‐source statistics. By combining data sources, NSIs can produce more detailed and more timely statistics and respond more quickly to events in society. By combining survey data with already available administrative data and Big Data, NSIs can save data collection and processing costs and reduce the burden on respondents. However, multi‐source statistics come with new problems that need to be overcome before the resulting output quality is sufficiently high and before those statistics can be produced efficiently. What complicates the production of multi‐source statistics is that they come in many different varieties as data sets can be combined in many different ways. Given the rapidly increasing importance of producing multi‐source statistics in Official Statistics, there has been considerable research activity in this area over the last few years, and some frameworks have been developed for multi‐source statistics. Useful as these frameworks are, they generally do not give guidelines to which method could be applied in a certain situation arising in practice. In this paper, we aim to fill that gap, structure the world of multi‐source statistics and its problems and provide some guidance to suitable methods for these problems

Changing the scale of characterization of a wine area : from a single protected designation of origin to a vineyard Loire Valley Observatory (ViLVO)

International audienceTerroir is increasingly important today in wine markets. In a large wine production area such as the Loire Valley, the whole territories/terroirs can be distinguished according to different combinations of geological, soil, climatic and landscape features but are also characterized by their differences and likenesses in terms of combinations of terroir units and practices. The objective of the study is to obtain a systemic analysis of the typicality of wines conferred by the terroir in a large territory and identify which practices are associated with the production of typical wines in a given territory or a specific area of wine production. In a previous work, a method was designed to identify some viticultural and enological practices that allow distinguishing wines at the scale of a PDO (Protected Designation of Origin1), in a small territory. The new challenge is to extend the method to the different subbasins of the Loire Valley, and to check if the same results can be obtained for other types of wines. The extension of our method to study the practices of the winegrowers requires some adaptations before it may be applied on a larger scale as in a Vineyard Loire Valley Observatory. The choice of the strategy was to combine a small scale diagnosis with a participatory method with Research Development and Extension (RDE) officers to answer our questions and organize ViLVO. We were thus able (i) to solve some problems such as the working organization of ViLVO users and databases property, (ii) to combine RDE officers and searchers goals around the identification of significant practices associated with wine quality and fame and (iii) to focus on outstanding practices involved in terroir typicality of Loire Valley wine

Effet des systèmes de production viticoles à très faibles intrants phytosanitaires sur le fonctionnement biologique des sols

Des systèmes viticoles innovants sont évalués dans le cadre du programme Écophyto pour fournir à la filière de nouveaux itinéraires viticoles drastiquement faibles en intrants phytosanitaires. Les innovations de ces systèmes sont particulièrement basées sur les modes de travail de sol, la gestion de l’enherbement, les traitements phytosanitaires et la maîtrise de la vigueur de la vigne. Ces leviers de réduction des intrants phytosanitaires peuvent impacter directement la qualité des sols et leur fonctionnement biologique, et peuvent potentiellement modifier la qualité des raisins récoltés et des vins qui en sont issus. Ces systèmes innovants et économes en intrants phytosanitaires vont au-delà des systèmes de production intégrée et d’agriculture biologique

Success of organic and biodynamic system experiment to produce high quality wines

Reducing input use and in particular pesticide use is very important in OIV 2018 new resolutions. Also Europe and France promote research and co-design with winegrowers in more sustainable viticulture according to a combination of climate change. It is also very important to take into account soil diversity and Protected Designation Areas constraints to make sure that new wines will ensure the sustainability of the wineries. This study explores design, experiment and assess of new realistic viticulture production systems located in Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) areas and with already organic or biodynamic certification for six consecutive years, in winery production conditions. It also discusses the chosen assessment indicators and the adoption of such new production systems by winegrowers. Eleven cases were studied in a system experiment network in Alsace (France) and in six consecutive production years. Contrasted production years, PDO areas combined to organic or biodynamic certification allow testing the resilience of experimented systems over time. Combination of new practices are tested to drastically reduce input and in particular pesticide. Assessed performances of the systems deal with 14 main indicators: social acceptability (1) and economic viability (1), agronomy (yield (1), harvested berries quality (2), fungi damage (3), soil quality (1), and wine sensorial analysis (1) and environment (Frequency Treatment Index (1), Cupper rate (1), INDIGO® method (2)). Several innovations were selected by co-design with winegrowers: adding essential oil and Propolis to copper spraying; total grass cover of the vine site; new decision rules for rate and time pesticide spraying; decision aid tool; resistant grape varieties planted. The assessment results support that the performance of the 14 indicators is very good for most of the eleven systems during the six assessed years. Combinations of tested innovations are neither dangerous nor difficult to enforce in the field by the vineworkers. Innovations do not increase the cost of grape production. The yield ratios were satisfactory the 6-yeared of observation because calculated yield match with targeted yield. Harvested berries quality support that the 7 vine sites succeed in targeted total acidity and sugar rate according to the different PDO conditions every years. Wines were Alsace or Grand Cru PDO labelled and successful marketed. At least, the Treatment Frequency Index is reduced by an average of 40% for all vine sites and assessed years. TFI can be reduced at a maximum of 89% and TFI median is 38%. Cupper rate can be reduced at a maximum of 97% and Cupper rate median is 54%. I-pest from INDIGO® method indicate a minimal risk taking for groundwater, surface water, air and beneficial organisms contamination. And finally, flora richness indicator is stable or steadily increases during the 6 study years. In this study, we demonstrated that drastically monitoring reduction of pesticide and other inputs is possible. Chosen indicators allow a exhaustive assessment, but could also been aggregated all together to give a synthetic information to winegrowers and make them easier to adopt the innovative systems. Introduction of innovation combinations in highly sustainable organic and biodymanic systems are validated to produce high quality wines. Now, it is possible to serenely promote and disseminate these highly sustainable innovative systems, taking into account of course vineyard diversity

Innov. agron.

Différents systèmes viticoles sont évalués dans le cadre du programme ECOPHYTO pour fournir à la filière des nouveaux itinéraires techniques faiblement consommateurs d’intrants phytosanitaires. Les analyses réalisées sur les sols des sites systèmes vitic