21 research outputs found

    Evolution des flores et de la végétation Tertiaires en Afrique, au nord de PEquateur

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    La repartition de la flore Tertiaire en Afrique, trĂȘs diffĂ©rente de l’actuelle, se comprend si on tient compte de deux facteurs essentiels: la regression des mers Ă©picontinentales vers le nord et la dĂ©rive du continent africain. II en rĂ©sulte qu’á l'EocĂȘne infĂ©rieur, l’équateur se trouvait ĂĄ environ 1 000 km au nord de sa position actuelle. Ces modifications aboutissent ĂĄ des transformations importantes de l’environnement climatique et par consequent de la repartition des flores. Cela explique notamment la presence d’une mangrove en Libye avec Sonneratioxylon aubrevillei et en Egypte avec Nipa burtinii. La forĂȘt dense est prĂ©sente dans le PalĂ©ocĂȘne du Tinrhert avec Entandrophragmoxylon normandii (comparable ĂĄ l’actuel  Entandrophragma angolense). Les formations de foret dense, dĂ©veloppĂ©es ĂĄ l’EocĂȘne, surtout sur le rivage, sont suivies plus au sud, d’une savane qui s’étend davantage ĂĄ I’OligocĂȘne et qui peut atteindre la mer. Cependant, on trouve encore en bordure de mer ĂĄ l’OligocĂȘne, des espĂȘces de forĂȘt dense comme Entandrophragmoxylon magnieri (comparable å  Entandrophragma candollei) espĂȘce qui avoisine des dĂ©pĂłts deltaiques avec de grands troncs qui indiquent une flore plus sĂȘche (Detarioxylon aegyptiacum, Combretoxylon bussonii et Pterocarpoxylon tibestiense (rapprochĂ© du Pterocarpus erinaceus de savane), mais parfois accompagnĂ©e de troncs de forĂȘt-galerie (Atherospermoxylon aegyptiacum, MonimiacĂ©e). Au Miocene, l’assechement continue et la savane progresse. Les Palmiers apparaissent et des galeries forestieres subsistent, mais mĂȘme ĂĄ proximitĂ© de la mer, le biotope est sec au Miocene infĂ©rieur dans le Nord de l’Afrique. Ce n’est que vers le sud que la vĂ©gĂ©tation hygrophile apparait au niveau du Tibesti avec Myristicoxylon vincentii. Ainsi. prĂȘs de la position prĂ©sente de l’Equateur, la mangrove se retrouve au SĂ©nĂ©gal dans le PalĂ©ogĂȘne du Cap-Vert avec des pollens de RhizophoracĂ©es. SonneratiacĂ©es, Avicennia et Nipa (Spinizonocolpites) et la forĂȘt dense subsiste dans sa position actuelle entourĂ©e d’une savane

    Palaeobotanical studies from tropical Africa: relevance to the evolution of forest, woodland and savannah biomes.

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    Fossil plants provide data on climate, community composition and structure, all of which are relevant to the definition and recognition of biomes. Macrofossils reflect local vegetation, whereas pollen assemblages sample a larger area. The earliest solid evidence for angiosperm tropical rainforest in Africa is based primarily on Late Eocene to Late Oligocene (ca. 39-26 Myr ago) pollen assemblages from Cameroon, which are rich in forest families. Plant macrofossil assemblages from elsewhere in interior Africa for this time interval are rare, but new work at Chilga in the northwestern Ethiopian Highlands documents forest communities at 28 Myr ago. Initial results indicate botanical affinities with lowland West African forest. The earliest known woodland community in tropical Africa is dated at 46 Myr ago in northern Tanzania, as documented by leaves and fruits from lake deposits. The community around the lake was dominated by caesalpinioid legumes, but included Acacia, for which this, to my knowledge, is the earliest record. This community is structurally similar to modern miombo, although it is different at the generic level. The grass-dominated savannah biome began to expand in the Middle Miocene (16 Myr ago), and became widespread in the Late Miocene (ca. 8 Myr ago), as documented by pollen and carbon isotopes from both West and East Africa

    Calamoid fossil palm leaves and fruits (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) from Late Eocene Southland, New Zealand

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    Late Eocene prickly-leaved and scaly-fruited palm macrofossils are described from Pikopiko, Southland, New Zealand, and compared with extant Arecaceae: Calamoideae. Lamina prickles and scaly fruits support affinities to the subfamily and tribe Calameae and possible association with the extant genus Calamus. Because isolated calamoid leaf fragments and fruit are difficult to determine precisely, the fossils are placed into a new form genus (Calamoides) for the leaves and the existing form genus Lepidocaryopsis for the fruits. These represent the first calamoid-like palm macrofossils from New Zealand and suggest a subtropical to tropical palaeoclimate at far southern latitudes in the Late Eocene and an early, widespread vicariant Gondwanan distribution for the subfamilySamuel J. Hartwich, John G. Conran, Jennifer M. Bannister, Jon K. Lindqvist and Daphne E. Le
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