Evaluation des modes de preparation et de consommation de la tisane de kinkeliba et du cafe touba consommes dans la ville de Dakar au Senegal

As a consequence of societies’ evolution, food habits are changing and resulting in serious issues. Consumers are experiencing new foods and new ways of consuming traditional ones. Café Touba and kinkeliba are important beverages in Senegalese diet. Kinkeliba herbal tea is made of a decoction of dry leaves of Combretum micranthum. Café Touba is made by pouring hot water over roasted, ground coffee (Coffea robusta) and Xylopia aethiopica beans through a filter container. Sugar is added to the beverages, which are generally consumed in breakfast or sold in the streets or in small restaurants called Tangana. Many Senegalese, especially the young, are involved into the business. In this study, a survey was conducted in houses, streets and Tangana where the Café Touba and kinkeliba are prepared, consumed or sold. The objective of the survey was to determine methods of preparation and consumption of two local brews in Dakar. Sixty (60) questionnaires were given to the target people to assess the preparation methods and the amount of drinks consumed. Standard methods of preparation of Café Touba and kinkeliba were defined. From these methods, drinks were prepared and used to determine the tannins contents. The added sugar and energy taken for one portion size were also determined. The results showed differences in preparing methods and drinking habits of Café Touba and kinkeliba. The house-made Café Touba was more concentrated than the one prepared and sold in streets or in Tangana. Total dry leaves used for preparing the house-made kinkeliba or sold in streets or in Tangana were similar. Unlike the kinkeliba, the amount of Café Touba consumed in houses for one serving was higher than that in Tangana or in streets. These drinks could be good sources of tannins which have important therapeutic proprieties. However, Café Touba and kinkeliba drinkers could be exposed to an excessive added sugar consumption. In conclusion, Café Touba and kinkeliba are drinks that are well consumed by Senegalese. Promoting these local brews could improve nutrition and health of consumers. However, the high amount of added sugar in these drinks could increase the risk of chronic diseases.Keywords: Café Touba, Kinkeliba, Tannins, Household, Sellers, Cups, Drinks, Breakfast, Suga

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Etat nutritionnel des nourrissons sains du 2ème au 6ème mois de vie recu pour vaccination au Togo

Introduction: Les anomalies de croissance sont visibles qu’à un stade avancé. L’évaluation nutritionnelle n’est pas souvent faite chez les nourrissons de moins de 6 mois. L’objectif de notre étude a été d’évaluer, l’état nutritionnel des nourrissons présumés sains âgés de 2 à 6 mois reçus pour vaccination selon les nouvelles normes OMS 2006.Matériel et méthodes: Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale réalisée du 10 mai au 12 novembre 2012 dans l’unité de vaccination du service de pédiatrie du CHU-SO. Nous avons utilisé le logiciel WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 de l’OMS pour déterminer l’état nutritionnel de chaque individu et les comparer aux normes OMS. Les données ont été enregistrées et analysées par traitement informatique à l’aide du logiciel EPI info version 3.5.1.Résultats: Nous avons évalué 621 nourrissons avec un sex-ratio de 1,06. L’âge des nourrissons a varié de 1 mois 10 jours à 5 mois 28 jours, avec une médiane de 2,53 mois. 14,1 % présentaient une insuffisance pondérale dont 7,2% de formes sévères. Le retard de croissance avait touché 20 % dont 11 % de formes sévères. Les nourrissons étaient émaciés dans 4,6 %.Conclusion: la malnutrition est présente chez les nourrissons de 2 à 6 mois. Elle se cache sous toutes ses formes parmi les nourrissons en bonne santé apparente. Seule une évaluation globale et systématique de l’état nutritionnel de tout nourrisson à tout contact avec le système de santé, pourra permettre un diagnostic précoce pour une prise en charge efficace.Mots clés: statut nutritionnel, enfant sain, 2 à 6 mois, vaccinationEnglish Title: Nutritional status of healthy infants from the 2nd to the 6th month of life received for vaccination in TogoEnglish AbstractIntroduction: Growth abnormalities are visible only at an advanced stage. Nutritional evaluation is not often done in infants under 6 months of age. The objective of our study was to evaluate the nutritional status of suspected healthy infants aged 2-6 months received for vaccination under the new WHO 2006 standards.Material and methods: this was a cross-sectional study conducted from May 10 to November 12, 2012 in the CHU-SO pediatric unit's immunization unit. We used the WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 software to determine the nutritional status of each individual  and compare them to WHO standards. The data were recorded and analyzed by computer processing using the EPI info version 3.5.1 software.Results: we evaluated 621 infants with a sex ratio of 1.06. The age of the infants ranged from 1 month 10 days to 5 months 28 days, with a median of 2.53 months. 14.1% were underweight, of which 7.2% were severe. Stunting had affected 20% of which 11% were severe. Infants were emaciated in 4.6%.Conclusion: Malnutrition is present in infants from 2 to 6 months. It hides in all its forms among apparently healthy infants. Only an overall and systematic assessment of the nutritional status of any infant with any contact with the health system can lead to early diagnosis for effective management.Keywords: nutritional status, healthy infants, 2 to 6 months, vaccinatio

Sulphonylurea responsive monogenic diabetes in an Insulin treated 8-year old child in West Africa; of more than academic interest and one of many?

We describe the case and identification of monogenic diabetes mellitus in a Togolese girl at the age of eight years, previously treated as Type 1 Diabetes following diagnosis at the age of two months. She has since been transitioned from insulin to oral sulphonylurea therapy, with improved glycaemic control and greater therapeutic security. We believe many more such cases must exist in Africa amongst those with a history of neonatal diabetes. Free genomic testing is available (see below) in suitable cases. The case highlights the value of personalized medicine and international cooperation

Traitement medicamenteux de l’insuffisance cardiaque de l’adulte dans les centres Hospitaliers Universitaires De Lome

Introduction : L’insuffisance cardiaque estune pathologie grave qui constitue l’un des motifs de consultation et d’hospitalisation dans les services de cardiologie des centres hospitaliers et universitaires de Lomé au Togo. Elle constitue le mode évolutif le plus fréquent de la plupart des cardiopathies. Dans notre pays, l’absence de travaux antérieurs sur l’insuffisance cardiaque nous a incité à entreprendre cetteétude en vue de faire le point sur notre attitude vis-à-vis de cette pathologie dans nos services de cardiologie. Objectifs : Les objectifs de l’étude étaient de déterminer la fréquence hospitalière de l’insuffisance cardiaque et d’évaluer sa prise en charge thérapeutique.Matériel et méthode : Il s’agissait d’une étude rétrospective sur une période de 12 mois (du premier janvier au 31 décembre 2004). Elle est réalisée dans les services de cardiologie des CHU de Lomé et aporté sur 104 dossiers des patients hospitalisés pour insuffisance cardiaque. Les données épidémiologiques, cliniques, paracliniques, thérapeutiques et évolutives sont relevées des dossiers surune fiche d’enquête. Elles sont ensuite analysées dans le logiciel EPI-INFO 6.0 de CDC Atlanta.Résultats : L’insuffisance cardiaque représentait 16,3% des hospitalisations. L’âge moyen de la population d’étude était de 59,8 ans avec une prédominance masculine (sex–ratio=1,48). Les cardiomyopathies (85,7%), les valvulopathies (68%) et l’HTA (59,6%) étaient les étiologies les plus fréquentes. L’insuffisance cardiaque globale était le tableau clinique le plus fréquent. Les IEC, diurétiques, anti-aldostérones et la digoxine sont prescrits respectivement dans 61,5 %, 97,4 % 9,6 % et51,9 % des cas. Les bêtabloquants ne faisaient pas encore partie du traitement de l’insuffisance cardiaque dans les services.Conclusion : Affection fréquente à Lomé, la prise en charge de  l’insuffisance cardiaque n’est pas encore conforme aux référentiels scientifiques.Introduction: Heart failure is a severe disease which accounts for a substantial portion of consultationand hospitalization in the cardiological department of Tokoin Teaching Hospital of Lome in Togo. It’sfrequently a principal complication of virtually all forms of heart disease. In our country, the lack ofinformation about heart failure had urged to this study in order to sum up our practice in the department.Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the hospital frequency of heart failure and to evaluateits management.Method: It was a retrospective study carried out from 1st January to 31st March 2004 . It had concerned 104records of in-patients. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory findings and management aspects werestudied. Data were analysed with Epi Info 6.0 of CDC Atlanta database.Results: Heart failure had been found in 11.8% of in-patients during the period of study. The mean agewas 59.8 years with a male predominance (male-female ratio = 1.48).Cardiomyopathies (85.7%), valvular heart disease (68%) and arterial hypertension (59.6) were the mostfrequent causes. ACE inhibitors, diuretics, antialdosterone and cardiac glycoside were respectivelyprescribed in 61.5%, 97.4%, 9.6% and 51.9%. Beta-blockers were not introduced in the management ofin-patients.Conclusion: Heart failure is a frequent disease in Lome. Its management may be completed according tothe newer international scientific standards.

Insuffisance cardiaque de l’adulte dans les centres hospitaliers universitaires de Lome

Introduction: Heart failure is a severe disease which accounts for a substantial portion of consultation and hospitalization in the cardiological department of Tokoin Teaching Hospital of Lome in Togo. It represents an issue of public health in our African environment.In our country, the lack of information about heart failure had urged to this study in order to sum up our practice in the department.Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the hospital frequency of adult’s heart failure and to evaluate its diagnostic management.Method: It was a retrospective study carried out from 1st January to 31st March 2004 in the cardiological department of Tokoin and Campus Teaching Hospital of Lome in Togo.. It had concerned 104 records of inpatients. Epidemiological, physical examination, laboratory findings including chest roentgenogram, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram aspects were studied. Data were analysed with Epi Info 6.0 of CDC Atlanta database.Results: Heart failure had been found in 11.8% of in-patients during the period of study. The mean age was 59.8 years with a bracket ranged from 28 to 87 years. There was a male predominance with malefemaleratio of 1.48. Exertional dyspnea (75%), pulmonary rales (62.5%), edema (60.6%) were the main symptoms found. The rate of laboratory explorations achievement is very low due to the financial straits.Cardiomyopathies (85.7%), valvular heart disease (68%) and arterial hypertension (59.6) were the most frequent causes.Conclusion: Heart failure is a frequent disease in Lome. Effort may be done to better its management