Multiple fruited walnuts in kahramanmaras and bolu, Turkey

K.Maras province in Turkey is famous with its significant and good quality walnuts.Almost all of the trees are as individual seedling trees. In this province during the last 4years an important selection work was carried out. Beside finding of top quality nuts, twomultiple fruited walnut trees were found. The first one (Sel. Type No 700) gives the nutsin clusters and in each cluster there are up to 26 nuts. The average weight of in- shell nutsis 8.02 g and the kernel is 5.36 g, shelling percentage is 66.83%. This tree was found atthe altitude of 1.115 m. It shows homogamic character. The second multiple fruited tree(Sel. Type No. 83/1) gives up to 12 nuts on clusters. The average weight of in- shell nut is11.0 g and the kernel is 5.15 g. Shelling percentage is 46.81%. This three was found at thealtitude of 740 m. It shows protogynic character. The third multiple fruited tree (Topakcv) was found in Bolu area (by Topak and Bayrak, 1998). It gives up to 20 nuts onclusters. The average weight of in- shell nut is 7.50 g and the kernel is 3.50 g. Shellingpercentage is 46.66%. This tree was found at the altitude of 1.160 m. It shows protandric character

Novel 307 polymorphic SSR markers from BAC-end sequences in walnut (Juglans regia L.): Effects of motif types and repeat lengths on polymorphism and genetic diversity

Walnut, Juglans regia L., has been cultivated for its edible nut and timber since ancient times. It is one of the most valuable and widely cultivated horticultural commodities in the world. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have a wide range of applications in plants, and there is still a necessity to develop novel SSR markers for each plant species. Bacterial artificial chromosome-end sequences (BES) are good sources to generate novel SSR markers. In pursuit of this objective, a total of 558 BES-SSR primer pairs were designed for J. regia. Of them, 507 (91%) had amplifications, and 307 were polymorphic when tested in eight walnut cultivars. A total of 1097 alleles were generated from 307 polymorphic SSR loci, ranging from two to eleven, with an average of 3.6 per locus. Polymorphism information contents (PIC) varied from 0.11 to 0.88 with an average of 0.46. Di-nucleotide motifs had higher polymorphism and genetic diversity values than the other motif types. The rate of polymorphism increased with the repeat length, therefore, class I SSRs are useful source of polymorphic DNA markers in walnut. Novel SSR markers developed in this study may possess potential applications such as fingerprinting, marker-assisted breeding, germplasm characterization and genetic linkage mapping in walnut and other species of Juglans. © 2016Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: ZF2013YL43, ZF2013YL48The authors thank the Çukurova University Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project No. ZF2013YL43 and ZF2013YL48) for financial support. Appendix

Assessment and characterization of genetic relationships of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes by three types of molecular markers

Turkey has a rich walnut germplasm that has arisen from populations of naturally grown seedlings over many years. Despite this enormous genetic potential, only a few studies on molecular characterization studies have been carried out so far. In this study, the genetic relationships among 59 walnut genotypes and cultivars of international and Turkish interest were analyzed by 25 RAPD primers, 25 ISSR primers, and 16 SSR primer pairs. Among the molecular assays tested, SSR provided a very high polymorphism rate of 99.1%, while ISSR and RAPD results showed similar to each other but lower polymorphism (71.1% and 69.1%, respectively). The dendrogram constructed divided the genotypes into three main groups: 'Group A' included mainly genotypes originating from the Kahramanmaras and Yalova provinces, while 'Group B' contained genotypes originating from the Kirsehir, Tokat and Corum provinces of Turkey. 'Group C' contained only cultivars originating from the USA and France. According to the clustering in the dendrogram genotypes grouped largely in accordance with their geographical origin, although certain exceptions were present. The pairs of 'Akca-2' with 'Karabodur' and 'Yalova-1' with 'Yalova-3' were the most closely related walnut genotypes in this study. In conclusion, our study indicated that molecular markers are useful tools for use in to determining genetic relationships among walnut genotypes. The results will provide valuable information to walnut cultivar breeding programs for use in parental selection. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.TOVAG-104 O 139In conclusion, fingerprinting and characterization of Turkish walnut germplasm was performed and significant results were obtained. All the genotypes separated from each other and genetic relationships among the genotypes were determined. The results of the present study may benefit breeders in selecting the most diverse genotypes with the most favorable characteristics to start a cross breeding and selection program, as has already started with a project supported by ‘The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey’.The authors express their gratitude to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for financial support (Project no: TOVAG-104 O 139 ). Appendix

Development of 185 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from walnut (Juglans regia L.)

Juglans regia L. is the only commercially grown species for nut consumption within the Juglans genus. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are the markers of choice, especially when constructing genetic linkage maps for plants. There are only a limited number of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the literature for J. regia that can be used to construct a SSR based genetic linkage map. Therefore, genomic libraries enriched with CA, GA, AAC, and AAG repeats were constructed using genomic DNA from J. regia cv. 'Maraş-18' to develop SSR markers for walnut. A total of 624 clones were sequenced; 516 had repeats and 94 were duplicates. Two-hundred and seventy-six primer pairs were designed, and 246 generated PCR products and 185 polymorphic loci were obtained by characterizing 15 walnut cultivars. The number of alleles ranged from two to ten among the 185 polymorphic loci with an average of 4.3. The GA-enriched library was the best among the four libraries in terms of number of alleles, polymorphism, productivity, and information content. A higher number and frequency of SSRs were obtained from the dinucleotide-enriched libraries than from the trinucleotide libraries. The SSR markers developed in this study may help genetic studies on J. regia and related species, especially when constructing and integrating maps. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: FBA-2638, FBA-2635The authors thank the Çukurova University Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project No. FBA-2635 and FBA-2638 ) for financial support. Appendix

Highly polymorphic novel simple sequence repeat markers from class i repeats in walnut (Juglans regia L.)

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the most important species in the genus Juglans due to the high commercial value of its nuts and timber. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are considered as the markers of choice owing to their codominant nature. Since very few SSRs have been developed in walnut, this study aimed to develop numerous polymorphic SSRs from Class I repeats by using DNA sequences of the Chandler cultivar. In all, 800 SSRs were designed and tested in 8 Turkish, 3 French, and 5 US walnut cultivars, of which 88 (11%) did not produce bands, 161 (20.1%) were monomorphic, and 551 (68.9%) were polymorphic. In all, 2696 alleles were produced by the 551 polymorphic SSR loci in the 16 walnut cultivars, ranging from 2 to 14 alleles per locus with an average number of 4.9. Polymorphism information content ranged from 0.21 to 0.89 with an average of 0.62. Cluster analysis produced a very robust dendrogram. The walnut cultivars were separated into two main groups: All Turkish cultivars were included in one group, whereas the US and French cultivars were included in the other group. A set of 20 SSRs was selected for their high genetic diversity values to be used in further genetic studies in walnut. The novel SSR markers developed in this study could be used in future studies for constructing a genetic linkage map, analyzing population genetics, identifying parents, and conducting marker-assisted breeding, fingerprinting, and germplasm characterization in walnut. © TÜBİTAK.Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu: 214O140This project was financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project No. TÜBİTAK TOVAG 214O140) and the Çukurova University Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project No. FYL-2015-4852)