2,997 research outputs found
A Mathematical Approach to the Study of the United States Code
The United States Code (Code) is a document containing over 22 million words
that represents a large and important source of Federal statutory law. Scholars
and policy advocates often discuss the direction and magnitude of changes in
various aspects of the Code. However, few have mathematically formalized the
notions behind these discussions or directly measured the resulting
representations. This paper addresses the current state of the literature in
two ways. First, we formalize a representation of the United States Code as the
union of a hierarchical network and a citation network over vertices containing
the language of the Code. This representation reflects the fact that the Code
is a hierarchically organized document containing language and explicit
citations between provisions. Second, we use this formalization to measure
aspects of the Code as codified in October 2008, November 2009, and March 2010.
These measurements allow for a characterization of the actual changes in the
Code over time. Our findings indicate that in the recent past, the Code has
grown in its amount of structure, interdependence, and language.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables
Canis etruscus (Canidae, Mammalia) and its role in the faunal assemblage from Pantalla (Perugia, central Italy): comparison with the Late Villafranchian large carnivore guild of Italy
A very rich faunal assemblage referred to the early Late Villafranchian (Olivola/Tasso Faunal Unit) has been found at the Early Pleistocene site of Pantalla (Perugia, central Italy). The assemblage contains a number of carnivores, including several specimens of the Etruscan wolf Canis etruscus Forsyth Major, 1877. Canis etruscus The Late Villafranchian assemblage from Pantalla provides valuable information about the Early Pleistocene carnivore guild in Italy. Together with the Etruscan wolf (probably a cooperative species hunting in packs) and Vulpes sp., the Pantalla faunal assemblage also records the occurrence of two felids, Lynx issiodorensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828) and the giant cheetah Acinonyx pardinensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828)
Learning Theory Expertise in the Design of Learning Spaces: Who Needs a Seat at the Table?
This study highlights the impact of including stakeholders with expertise in learning theory in a learning space design process. We present the decision-making process during the design of the Krause Innovation Studio on the campus of the Pennsylvania State University to draw a distinction between the architect and faculty member’s decision-making process. Often, the architect relied on guiding principles such as flexibility, while the faculty member drew from learning theory such as the sociocultural theory of learning (Vygotsky, 1978). This study demonstrates the value of learning theory expertise and includes suggestions and possible implications for future designs of learning spaces
Amphibians and reptiles from Cava Monticino (Ravenna, Italy) in the frame of the late Miocene Italian herpetofaunas
A preliminary description of new Late Cretaceous chelonian remains from Sant’Anna di Alfaedo (Verona, Italy)
Old African fossils provide new evidence for the origin of the American crocodiles
Molecular and morphological phylogenies concur in indicating that the African lineages formerly referred to Crocodylus niloticus are the sister taxon the four Neotropical crocodiles (Crocodylus intermedius, C. moreleti, C. acutus and C. rhombifer), implying a transoceanic dispersal from Africa to America. So far the fossil record did not contribute to identify a possible African forerunner of the Neotropical species but, curiously, the oldest remains referred to the African C. niloticus are Quaternary in age, whereas the oldest American fossils of Crocodylus are older, being dated to the early Pliocene, suggesting that another species could be involved. We re-described, also thanks to CT imaging, the only well-preserved topotipic skull of Crocodylus checchiai Maccagno, 1947 from the late Miocene (Messinian) African site of As Sahabi in Libya. As previously suggested on the basis of late Miocene material from Tanzania, C. checchiai is a valid, diagnosable species. According to our phylogenetic analyses, C. checchiai is related to the Neotropical taxa and could be even located at the base of their radiation, therefore representing the missing link between the African and the American lineages
Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa and the Origins of African Zebras
Effect of exercise after a deep venous thrombosis:A systematic review
Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a common complication after deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and has a major impact on physical symptoms, quality of life (QoL) and economic costs. Relatively simple lifestyle interventions as physical exercise might reduce PTS severity and increase QoL. To evaluate the direct and long-term effects of physical activity in patients with an acute or previous DVT. We conducted a systematic review through an additional search from 2007 up to March 2022, to complement the comprehensive systematic review of Kahn et al. Articles evaluating the effect of exercise after a DVT including symptoms, QoL and the incidence and severity of PTS, were included. Quality of the studies was assessed using a GRADE-like checklist and results were reported according to the PRISMA Statement. Ten studies were included, seven randomized controlled trials and three cohort studies. We identified three types of physical activity based on timing and duration; (1) early mobilisation in the acute phase of the DVT; (2) short duration exercise 1 year after DVT and (3) prolonged exercise during follow-up after a previous DVT. Early mobilisation showed improvement in QoL and pain reduction and after 2 years it resulted in a significant reduction of PTS severity. Prolonged supervised exercise resulted in improvement of QoL. In addition, positive effects on symptoms of venous insufficiency and muscle functions were observed. None of the included studies reported an increased risk of PTS or worsening of symptoms due to physical activity. Physical exercise after a DVT is safe, improves QoL, reduces pain and decreases PTS severity. Lifestyle intervention such as guided individualized training programs can be a useful supplementary therapy for patients after a DVT or for PTS patients. Optimal training programs may be identified by further studies that improve patient-oriented outcomes for both adults and children after a DVT.</p
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