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Technique for separation of carrier densities and mobilities in highly nondegenerate multiband semiconductors
The development of the conductivity coefficients is reviewed for both highly degenerate metals, having an energy dependent relaxation time, and semiconductors, obeying Boltzmann statistics and having a relaxation time varying as the energy to the λ power
A prospective open-label treatment trial of olanzapine monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of olanzapine in the treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents.
METHODS: This was an 8-week, open-label, prospective study of olanzapine monotherapy (dose range 2.5-20 mg/day) involving 23 bipolar youths (manic, mixed, or hypomanic; 5-14 years old). Weekly assessments were made using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Clinical Global Impressions Severity Scale (CGI-S), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and Children\u27s Depression Rating Scale. Adverse events were assessed through self-reports, vital sign and weight monitoring, laboratory analytes, and extrapyramidal symptom rating scales (Barnes Akathisia Scale, Simpson-Angus Scale, and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale).
RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 23 youths (96%) completed the study. Olanzapine treatment was associated with significant improvement in mean YMRS score (-19.0 +/- 9.2, p \u3c 0.001). Using predefined criteria for improvement of \u3e or = 30% decline in the YMRS and a CGI-S Mania score of \u3c or = 3 at endpoint, the overall response rate was 61%. Overall, olanzapine was well tolerated, and extrapyramidal symptom measures were not significantly different from baseline. Body weight increased significantly over the study (5.0 +/- 2.3 kg, p \u3c 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Open-label olanzapine treatment was efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of acute mania in youths with bipolar disorder. Future placebo-controlled, double-blind studies are warranted