Modal Sosial Petani Dan Produktivitas Kelapa Di Desa Sea Kecamatan Pineleng Kabupaten Minahasa

This study aims to examine the social capital of farmers and coconut productivity in Sea Village, Pineleng District, Minahasa Regency. This research was conducted from July 2021 to April 2022. The data used were primary data and secondary data. Primary data were collected through interviews, based on a questionnaire. Secondary data was obtained from the Sea Village office in the form of geographical conditions and socio-economic conditions of the community. The sample of this study were 30 farmers from a total population of 60 coconut farmers who were taken using purposive sampling method. The results showed that the social capital of coconut farmers in Sea Village, Pineleng District, Minahasa Regency was relatively high, based on the results of the study with an index of 75.86% and the tendency of productivity variables in the medium category with a percentage of 43.33% or as many as 13 coconut farmers

Laser surface structuring affects polymer deposition, coating homogeneity, and degradation rate of Mg alloys

In the current work, a coating system consisted of a laser-structured surface, a thin layer primer and a polymeric coating to improve degradation behaviour of biocompatible and biodegradable Mg alloy is presented. The laser structuring allowed modification of surface topography as well as controlling the wettability of surface. The cellulose acetate primer provided protection from in-process degradation of samples during the successive layer-by-layer (LbL) coating process, where alternate layers of chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose were applied. The results revealed that the laser structured surface plays an important role on the developed coating structure and final corrosion rate. Lowest corrosion rate among the coated samples (1.15 cm yr(-1)) was measured for the most hydrophilic laser-treated surface, corresponding to almost 16% reduction compared to the as-received samples

Feasibility of overnight closed-loop therapy in young children with type 1 diabetes aged 3-6 years: comparison between diluted and standard insulin strength.

OBJECTIVE: To assess feasibility of overnight closed-loop therapy in young children with type 1 diabetes and contrast closed loop using diluted versus standard insulin strength. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eleven children (male 6; age range 3.75-6.96 years; glycated hemoglobin 60 (14) mmol/mol; body mass index SD score 1.0 (0.8); diabetes duration 2.2 (1.0) years, mean (SD); total daily dose 12.9 (10.6, 16.5) IU/day, median (IQR)) were studied at a clinical research facility on two occasions. In random order, participants received closed loop with diluted insulin aspart (CL_Dil; 20 IU/mL) or closed loop with standard aspart (CL_Std; 100 IU/mL) from 17:00 until 8:00 the following morning. Children consumed an evening meal at 17:00 (44 (12) gCHO) and an optional bedtime snack (6 (7) gCHO) identical on both occasions. Meal insulin boluses were calculated by standard pump bolus calculators. Basal rates on insulin pump were adjusted every 15 min as directed by a model-predictive-control algorithm informed by a real-time glucose sensor values. RESULTS: Mean plasma glucose was 122 (24) mg/dL during CL_Dil vs 122 (23) mg/dL during CL_Std (p=0.993). The time spent in the target glucose range 70-145 mg/dL was 83 (70, 100)% vs 72 (54, 81)% (p=0.328). Time above 145 mg/dL was 13 (0, 27)% vs 19 (10, 45)% (p=0.477) and time spent below 70 mg/dL was 0.0 (0.0, 1.4)% vs 1.4 (0.0, 11.6)% (p=0.161). One asymptomatic hypoglycemia below 63 mg/dL occurred in one participant during CL_Dil versus six episodes in five participants during CL_Std (p=0.09). Glucose variability measured by CV of plasma glucose tended to be reduced during CL_Dil (20% (13, 31) vs 32% (24, 42), p=0.075). CONCLUSIONS: In this feasibility study, closed-loop therapy maintained good overnight glucose control with tendency towards reduced hypoglycemia and reduced glucose variability using diluted insulin. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01557634.This work was funded by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF Grant Number: 22-2011-668) and supported by NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.This is the final published version. It first appeared at http://drc.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000040.abstract

Overnight closed-loop insulin delivery in young people with type 1 diabetes: a free-living, randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate feasibility, safety, and efficacy of overnight closed-loop insulin delivery in free-living youth with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Overnight closed loop was evaluated at home by 16 pump-treated adolescents with type 1 diabetes aged 12-18 years. Over a 3-week period, overnight insulin delivery was directed by a closed-loop system, and on another 3-week period sensor-augmented therapy was applied. The order of interventions was random. The primary end point was time when adjusted sensor glucose was between 3.9 and 8.0 mmol/L from 2300 to 0700 h. RESULTS: Closed loop was constantly applied over at least 4 h on 269 nights (80%); sensor data were collected over at least 4 h on 282 control nights (84%). Closed loop increased time spent with glucose in target by a median 15% (interquartile range -9 to 43; P < 0.001). Mean overnight glucose was reduced by a mean 14 (SD 58) mg/dL (P < 0.001). Time when glucose was <70 mg/dL was low in both groups, but nights with glucose <63 mg/dL for at least 20 min were less frequent during closed loop (10 vs. 17%; P = 0.01). Despite lower total daily insulin doses by a median 2.3 (interquartile range -4.7 to 9.3) units (P = 0.009), overall 24-h glucose was reduced by a mean 9 (SD 41) mg/dL (P = 0.006) during closed loop. CONCLUSIONS: Unsupervised home use of overnight closed loop in adolescents with type 1 diabetes is safe and feasible. Glucose control was improved during the day and night with fewer episodes of nocturnal hypoglycemia.Supported by Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (#22-2006-1113, #22-2007-1801, #22-2009-801, #22-2009-802), Diabetes UK (BDA07/0003549), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1R01DK085621), Medical Research Council Centre for Obesity and Related metabolic Diseases, and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. Abbott Diabetes Care supplied continuous glucose delivery devices and sensors and modified devices to facilitate real-time connectivity.This is the final published version, also available from the American Diabetes Association at http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/5/1204

Early Evolution of Ionotropic GABA Receptors and Selective Regimes Acting on the Mammalian-Specific Theta and Epsilon Subunits

BACKGROUND: The amino acid neurotransmitter GABA is abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Receptors of this neurotransmitter play a key role in important processes such as learning and memory. Yet, little is known about the mode and tempo of evolution of the receptors of this neurotransmitter. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships of GABA receptor subunits across the chordates and detail their mode of evolution among mammals. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our analyses support two major monophyletic clades: one clade containing GABA(A) receptor alpha, gamma, and epsilon subunits, and another one containing GABA(A) receptor rho, beta, delta, theta, and pi subunits. The presence of GABA receptor subunits from each of the major clades in the Ciona intestinalis genome suggests that these ancestral duplication events occurred before the divergence of urochordates. However, while gene divergence proceeded at similar rates on most receptor subunits, we show that the mammalian-specific subunits theta and epsilon experienced an episode of positive selection and of relaxed constraints, respectively, after the duplication event. Sites putatively under positive selection are placed on a three-dimensional model obtained by homology-modeling. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an early divergence of the GABA receptor subunits, before the split from urochordates. We show that functional changes occurred in the lineages leading to the mammalian-specific subunit theta, and we identify the amino acid sites putatively responsible for the functional divergence. We discuss potential consequences for the evolution of mammals and of their CNS

GABA Receptors and the Pharmacology of Sleep

Current GABAergic sleep-promoting medications were developed pragmatically, without making use of the immense diversity of GABAA receptors. Pharmacogenetic experiments are leading to an understanding of the circuit mechanisms in the hypothalamus by which zolpidem and similar compounds induce sleep at α2βγ2-type GABAA receptors. Drugs acting at more selective receptor types, for example, at receptors containing the α2 and/or α3 subunits expressed in hypothalamic and brain stem areas, could in principle be useful as hypnotics/anxiolytics. A highly promising sleep-promoting drug, gaboxadol, which activates αβδ-type receptors failed in clinical trials. Thus, for the time being, drugs such as zolpidem, which work as positive allosteric modulators at GABAA receptors, continue to be some of the most effective compounds to treat primary insomnia

Modal Sosial Petani Dan Produktivitas Kelapa Di Desa Sea Kecamatan Pineleng Kabupaten Minahasa

This study aims to examine the social capital of farmers and coconut productivity in Sea Village, Pineleng District, Minahasa Regency. This research was conducted from July 2021 to April 2022. The data used were primary data and secondary data. Primary data were collected through interviews, based on a questionnaire. Secondary data was obtained from the Sea Village office in the form of geographical conditions and socio-economic conditions of the community. The sample of this study were 30 farmers from a total population of 60 coconut farmers who were taken using purposive sampling method. The results showed that the social capital of coconut farmers in Sea Village, Pineleng District, Minahasa Regency was relatively high, based on the results of the study with an index of 75.86% and the tendency of productivity variables in the medium category with a percentage of 43.33% or as many as 13 coconut farmers