Tracheal cancer in a 25-year-old woman — diagnostic difficulties

Tracheal cancers, in particular adenoid cystic carcinoma, are rare, hence the lack of unambiguous guidelines for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The article presents the case of a 25-year-old woman diagnosed at the stage of local advancement, after 2 years of treatment of misdiagnosed bronchial asthma. The patient underwent surgical treatment, which turned out to be non-radical microscopically. The decision to use postoperative radiotherapy was based on the estimated recurrence risk

Rak tchawicy u 25-letniej chorej — trudności diagnostyczne

Nowotwory tchawicy, a zwłaszcza rak gruczołowo-torbielowaty, występują rzadko, dlatego brakuje jednoznacznych wytycznych dotyczących postępowania diagnostyczno-terapeutycznego. W artykule przedstawiono przypadek 25-letniej chorej, u której diagnozę postawiono w stadium miejscowego zaawansowania, po 2 latach leczenia mylnie rozpoznanej astmy oskrzelowej. Chorą poddano leczeniu operacyjnemu, które okazało się być nieradykalnym mikroskopowo. Na podstawie szacowanego ryzyka wznowy podjęto decyzję o zastosowaniu pooperacyjnej radioterapii

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung — a case report

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant neoplasm that frequently originates from the salivary glands of the head and neck. The majority of pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinomas develop centrally in the trachea. Primary ACC of the lung arising from the bronchial glands is a rare disease and accounts for only 0.09‑0.2% of all primary lung neoplasms [1]. Although their growth rate is often indolent, they sometimes show aggressive biologic behaviour. Local invasion with perineural infiltrations, and lymph node and hematogenous metastases have been reported for some of these neoplasms [2]. Treatment options for advanced disease are limited. We herein report a case of a 56-year-old male patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung, who received conventional chemotherapy and endobronchial irradiation. This review focuses on the palliative therapy in the treatment of metastatic ACC

Tracheal cancers

Primary tracheal tumors are very rare and the literature on this subject is limited. Due to their rarity and diversity, the provision of patient care in terms of optimal management poses a considerable challenge. There are no unequivocal guidelines concerning the treatment in patients with local or distant disease. The most common types of primary tracheal tumors are squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma of the trachea is 2–4 times more common in men than in women and develops primarily in the sixth and seventh decades of life. It is strongly associated with tobacco smoking. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea occurs with similar frequency in men and women, and is most common in the fourth and fifth decades of life. The etiology of this type is unknown, however it is not associated with tobacco smoking. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is characterized by submucosal and perineural spread. Treatment of patients with primary tracheal tumors requires a multidisciplinary approach. Optimal treatment of localized tumors is based on surgery or radiotherapy. If distant metastases are present the therapeutic palliative methods are: chemotherapy, palliative radiotherapy or palliative surgery. The prognosis of patients with primary tracheal tumors is determined by several factors. Histological diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma, good performance status, and complete resection have been identified as favorable prognostic factors. Despite intensive treatment, the 5-year survival rate for primary tracheal tumors is not satisfactory

On the Lebesgue measure of Li-Yorke pairs for interval maps

We investigate the prevalence of Li-Yorke pairs for $C^2$ and $C^3$ multimodal maps $f$ with non-flat critical points. We show that every measurable scrambled set has zero Lebesgue measure and that all strongly wandering sets have zero Lebesgue measure, as does the set of pairs of asymptotic (but not asymptotically periodic) points. If $f$ is topologically mixing and has no Cantor attractor, then typical (w.r.t. two-dimensional Lebesgue measure) pairs are Li-Yorke; if additionally $f$ admits an absolutely continuous invariant probability measure (acip), then typical pairs have a dense orbit for $f \times f$. These results make use of so-called nice neighborhoods of the critical set of general multimodal maps, and hence uniformly expanding Markov induced maps, the existence of either is proved in this paper as well. For the setting where $f$ has a Cantor attractor, we present a trichotomy explaining when the set of Li-Yorke pairs and distal pairs have positive two-dimensional Lebesgue measure.Comment: 41 pages, 3 figure

State of the flora of Biele nature reserve [Sokolow Podlaski Forest District] after 20 years of conservation

The state of the flora of the Biele nature reserve (Sokołów Podlaski Forest District) after 20 years of nature conservation was assessed. Only one species noted in 1989 was not confirmed at present, whereas 38 newcomers were observed. Most of them (30 species) prefer light and half−light/light conditions and are mainly related to non−forest communities. Frequency of synanthropic species is still very low (2.4%) and no anthropophytes were noted in the reserve. All protected and endangered plants, eg. Trollius europaeus, Gladiolus imbricatus, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, except of Carex umbrosa, still occur within its borders. Active protection of Trollius europaeus and Gladiolus imbricatus by removal of brushwood was suggested

Vegetation of the 'Mierzwice' nature reserve and its protection

The ‘Mierzwice’ nature reserve (forest district 206b, c and d of the Sarnaki Forest Inspectorate), situated in the area of the Podlaski Przełom Bug Landscape Park, is one of the most valuable natural assets of the central Bug river valley. The 12.98 ha reserve was established in 2010 to aid protection of the stand of xerothermic vegetation and its surrounding deciduous forest. In total, eight plant associations were identified within the reserve: Geranio-Peucedanetum cervariae, Geranio-Anemonetum sylvestris, Geranio-Trifolietum alpestris, Trifolio medii-Agrimonietum, Rubo fruticosi- Prunetum, Rhamno-Cornetum sanguinei, Potentillo albae-Quercetum and Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli. Furthermore, 23 protected and 31 endangered species were found in the reserve including the following examples: Cephalanthera rubra, Thesium ebracteatum, Cypripedium calceolus, Gentiana cruciata, Anemone sylvestris, Cimicifuga europaea, Viola rupestris, Crepis praemorsa, Asperula tinctoria, Stachys recta, Laserpitium latifolium. Over the last few years, a regression of the species diagnostic number for thermophilous oak forests and xerothermic grasslands has been observed as a result of succession and expansion of Calamagrostis epigejos. Active protection of xerothermic vegetation such as uprooting of trees and bushes, regular grazing or mowing has been suggested in order to prevent the expansion of Calamagrostis epigejos

The station of the hop tree (Ptelea trifoliata L. ssp. trifoliata) in forests of the Wyszkow Forest District

This research was carried out on two experimental plots located in the Rymanów and Nawojowa forest districts. In the second and fifth year after planting, at three and six years of age respectively, survival and height of 25 beech progenies of selected stands were measured. Furthermore, we show the effect of beech origin and growth environment (significant ‘provenance × block’ and ‘provenance × test plot’ interactions). Beeches from both experimental plots differed significantly in growth and survival and this difference increased with tree age. The highest provenance heritability was obtained for the tree height after two years of growth in Rymanów. In Nawojowa, the heritability of beech survival reached zero after five years of growth. An evaluation of the stability of beech provenances (genotypes) in terms of survival and height under the habitat conditions of our experimental plots was done using the Finlay and Wilkinson method. The beech provenances of 469–Nawojowa and 452–Lesko (regional standard) were included as a stable basis for reference. A high degree of stability and high average values for the characteristics investigated indicate highprogeny quality within these stands

Tracheal cancer in a 25-year-old woman — diagnostic difficulties

Tracheal cancers, in particular adenoid cystic carcinoma, are rare, hence the lack of unambiguous guidelines for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The article presents the case of a 25-year-old woman diagnosed at the stage of local advancement, after 2 years of treatment of misdiagnosed bronchial asthma. The patient underwent surgical treatment, which turned out to be non-radical microscopically. The decision to use postoperative radiotherapy was based on the estimated recurrence risk