Interface induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Co/CoO/Co thin film structure: An in-situ MOKE investigation

Co /CoO/Co polycrystalline film was grown on Si (001) substrate and magnetic properties have been investigated using in-situ magneto-optic Kerr effect during growth of the sample. Magnetic anisotropy with easy axis perpendicular to the film surface has been observed in top Co layer, whereas bottom layer was found to be soft with in-plane magnetization without any influence of top layer. Ex-situ in-plane and out-of-plane diffraction measurements revealed that the growth of Co on oxidized interface takes place with preferential orientation of c-axis perpendicular to the film plane, which results in the observed perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Texturing of the c-axis is expected to be a result of minimization of the interface energy due to hybridization between Co and oxygen at the interface.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, under review in IOP journa

A Modified Approch Audio Stagnography Based On Technique LSB Coding

Information security is becoming very important part of our life now-a-days. Information hiding is the fundamental of information security. Information hiding can be achieved by steganography as well. This paper presents a modified method of audio stegnography. Audio steganography is the technique of hiding secret information in the audio files. nbspWe have presented a high capacity and high stego-signal quality audio steganography scheme based on samples comparison in DWT domain where selected coefficient of a segment are compared with pre determined threshold value T and based on comparison bits are embedded. The strength of our algorithm is depend on the segment size andnbsp their strength are enabled the algorithm to achieve very high embedding capacity for different data type that can reach up to 25%nbsp from the input audio file size with lest of 35 dBnbsp SNR for the output stego signal. Further we have tabulated the result and the conclusion is made on the basis of the obtained results

Production Potential of Different Pasture Grasses under Off-Season Rainfall in Arid Conditions of Bikaner, India

Livestock rearing is the important source of livelihood in arid region of Rajasthan where the crop production is unstable due to low and erratic rainfall. The rangelands and pastures are important land use system and provide main support to the livestock in the arid region of Rajasthan. Grazing of livestock is a common practice in arid zone as about 50 % of total area of western Rajasthan is available for grazing mainly for cows, sheep and goat, however, the availability of green fodder is restricted to monsoon and post monsoon months only and during rest of the period livestock graze on dry grasses and crop residues available in cultivated, fallow and wastelands and other grazing lands. The perennial grasses like Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus, Panicum turgidum, P. antidotale etc. with some annuals are dominated in the rangelands and pastures in the arid zone of Rajasthan. Generally these grasses are grown during rainy season but also regenerated during off-season condition when sufficient moisture is available through rainfall or irrigation and provide fodder during the lean period. Productivity of these pasture grasses were assessed during rainy season but information of the production potential during off-season is not available in literature. Therefore, present study was conducted during March to May 2015 at Arid Region Campus of CSWRI, Bikaner to assess the production potential and regeneration of different grasses during off-season under arid condition

Overview on K-anonymity Model for Overlapped Attributes

K-anonymity model is mostly used technique of privacy preserving data publishing. In K-anonymity model data is converted into anonymous state. So, that adversary can’t be able to disclose sensitive information about the user. Generalization and suppression are most commonly used anonymity technique, but generalization contains some drawbacks i.e. generalization disturbs correlations between attributes. In this paper a novel model is proposed which uses generalization technique specially to maintain correlation among overlapped attributes and way to reduce dimensionality of data set. Experimental evaluation section shows efficiency and correctness of proposed model

Response of fodder cropping sequences to irrigation scheduling in arid environment

A field experiment was conducted at Jodhpur during kharif, rabi and summer seasons for three consecutive years (2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11) to assess the fodder production potential, water use, water use efficiency and fodder quality of different cropping systems under variable moisture regimes. The main plot treatments consist of four cropping sequences, i.e. bajra–lucerne, cowpea– oat – bajra, Cenchrus ciliaris - C. ciliaris + lucerne, bajra + cowpea (1:1) – oat–sorghum and three irrigation levels, i.e. 50, 75 and 100 mm CPE in subplots with three replications. Among the crop sequences round the year, maximum mean green fodder yield was recorded from cowpea-oat-bajra sequence, which was at par with bajra + cowpea – oat – sorghum sequence but significantly higher than C. ciliaris +lucerne and bajra–lucerne sequences. Similarly, dry matter yield was also maximum from cowpea– oat –bajra sequence which was also at par with C.ciliaris–C. ciliaris+lucerne and bajra + cowpea – oat – sorghum sequences but was only significantly higher than bajra – lucerne sequence. During rabi season all crops produced significantly higher green fodder yield at 50 mm CPE level than 75 and 100 mm CPE levels but dry matter yield was at par at 50 and 75 mm CPE levels. Green and dry matter yields of summer crops were significantly higher at 50 mm CPE level than that of 75 and 100 mm CPE. This showed that irrigation at 75 CPE level optimized dry fodder yield during rabi season and 50 mm CPE during summer season. The fodder yield of C. ciliaris + lucerne system at 50 mm CPE and 75 mm CPE was at par but significantly higher than that of 100 mm CPE while fodder yield of bajra + cowpea (1:1)-oat–sorghum and cowpea –oat–bajra at 50 mm CPE was significantly higher than that of 75 mm CPE. Water use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity were higher with bajra, C. ciliaris and oat grown with sprinkler irrigation. Among cropping sequences • ciliaris -C. ciliaris+ lucerne system had maximum WUE and water productivity but statistically at par with cowpea- oat –bajra sequence. Water use was higher at 50 mm CPE irrigation level but water use efficiency and water productivity were higher with 75 and 100 mm CPE level. Protein yield was maximum with bajra – lucerne system followed by cowpea –oat– bajra while C. ciliaris-C. ciliaris + lucerne system had lowest protein yield being at par with bajra + cowpea–oat–sorghum sequence. Protein yield was higher with 50 mm CPE level as compared to 75 and 100 mm CPE in all cropping sequences. Irrigation at 75 mm CPE was best for C. ciliaris + lucerne intercropping system and 50 mm CPE for bajra + cowpea, oat – bajra, cowpea–oat–sorghum and bajra-lucerne crop sequence for getting higher productivity of quality fodder under arid conditions

The risk of buildings overheating in a low-carbon climate change future

An overheating risk tool that is compatible with building performance simulation software has been developed, using principal component analysis to give a statistically rigorous simplification of the UKCP09 probabilistic climate projections. The tool converts a single dynamic simulation output into many hundreds of simulation results at hourly resolution for equally-probable climates from the UKCP09 weather generator. The result is a population of outcomes for the performance of a specific building in a future climate, thus helping the user choose adaptation technologies that might reduce the risk of overheating. The outputs of the LCF tool can be delivered as a risk matrix or a probabilistic overheating curve. The perceptions and requirements of potential users were assessed and, for non-domestic buildings in particular, the need to quantify and assess overheating risk was understood by professionals, with concerns expressed for the ease of incorporation of the UKCP09 projections into this process. The new tool has the potential to meet these concerns

Participatory Pasture Development in Hot Arid Region of India

Livestock production is one of the main occupations of resource-poor and resource-rich people living in India’s arid regions, and common grazing lands have always played a major role in livestock based livelihood systems, as around 50% of animals depend on grazing (Misra et al, 2015). According to the National Sample Survey Organization, common property land resources constitute about 15% of the total geographical area of India, of which 23% is community pasture and grazing lands and 16% have been classified as village forests and woodlots (NSSO, 1999). At another level, India has the largest livestock population in the world, with 512 million head of livestock, many of them raised by small and marginal farmers who depend on grazing land to meet the fodder requirements of their animals (Anonymous, 2012). Traditionally, close link exists between livestock and common property resources (CPRs), as grazing is predominate feeding practice among the livestock keepers in hot arid region of India. This complex inter-relationship between CPRs, livestock and crops in arid and semi-arid production systems has contributed to the sustainability of dryland agriculture for generations (Misra et al., 2009). However, the typical scenario of community grazing lands has been one of gradually declining productivity due to overexploitation, and declining area due to privatization. Keeping this in view, Livestock Production Systems & Range Management Division and Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) of Central arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur identified pasture development as a major thrust area for the hot arid zone of India. The interventions related to pasture development was carried out on a total of 88 ha common/private land in ten gram panchayat in two districts (Jodhpur and Nagur) of western Rajasthan during 2010-14 in collaboration with local farming communities, NGOs and Goushala

Existence and Permanence in a Diffusive KiSS Model with Robust Numerical Simulations

We have given an extension to the study of Kierstead, Slobodkin, and Skellam (KiSS) model. We present the theoretical results based on the survival and permanence of the species. To guarantee the long-term existence and permanence, the patch size denoted as L must be greater than the critical patch size Lc. It was also observed that the reaction-diffusion problem can be split into two parts: the linear and nonlinear terms. Hence, the use of two classical methods in space and time is permitted. We use spectral method in the area of mathematical community to remove the stiffness associated with the linear or diffusive terms. The resulting system is advanced with a modified exponential time-differencing method whose formulation was based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme. With high-order method, this extends the one-dimensional work and presents experiments for two-dimensional problem. The complexity of the dynamical model is discussed theoretically and graphically simulated to demonstrate and compare the behavior of the time-dependent density function

Influence of varieties, sheep manure and nitrogen on yield of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)

The performance of three varieties (Local, RZ-19 and RZ-209) of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and the effect of sheep manure (0 and 5 t ha-1) and nitrogen levels (20 and 40 kg N ha-1) on the yield of the crop was evaluated at Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Growth and yield attributes, seed yield and net returns were significantly higher in improved varieties compared to local variety. Maximum seed yield (580 kg ha-1) and net returns (Rs 32,400 ha-1) were obtained with RZ-19. Application of sheep manure increased seed yield by 5.2% over no manure; however, net returns were not increased. Nitrogen @ 40 kg ha-1 significantly increased seed yield by 26 kg ha-1 and net returns by Rs 1850 ha-I with benefit-cost ratio of 2.19 over 15 kg N ha-1. &nbsp