SYNTHESIS AND EFFECTS OF SOME NEW 2-ARYL-THIAZOLE AMMONIUM SALTS ON ISOLATED ILEUM MOTILITY

Quaternary ammonium compounds are considered among the substances which can influence the contractility of smooth muscles from the digestive tract, acting via cholinergic mechanisms. Based on structural considerations, we synthesized twelve new compounds, derivatives of 2-aryl-thiazole, being substituted in the 2 and 4 positions. In order to elucidate the structure of the obtained compounds, MS determinations and 1 H-NMR spectra were realized. The effect on the smooth muscles was tested using the guinea pig isolated ileum experimental model. The obtained results showed that the contractile effects or the antispasmodic activity of the compounds are influenced by the nature of the substituent in the 4 position, and the intensity of the effect is related to the type of substituent on the phenyl, from the 2 position of the thiazolic nucleus

Challenges of sustainable industrial transformation : Swedish biorefinery development and incumbents in the emerging biofuels industry

This paper investigates the transformation challenges related to incumbent industries caused by technology development and industry convergence in the transition to a bioeconomy in the context of Swedish biorefinery development. It involves the emergence of new value chains and several incumbent industries such as the pulp and paper industry, the oil refinery sector, the chemical process industry, and the heat and power sector. In 2019, Sweden had Europe's largest share of biofuels in the transport sector, roughly 20% on an energy basis, and this share has increased by around 300% during the last decade. At the same time, domestic production has stalled, and even though Sweden has beneficial conditions for biofuel production, the share of biofuel that is imported or based on imported feedstock has recently ranged between 85% and 90%. We discuss three transformation challenges: (i) inertia and lack of absorptive capacity creating lock-in effects at the organizational level; (ii) weak and inefficient actor networks at the industry level; and (iii) contradictory policy instrument mixes and lack of coordination at the government level. The findings underscore the need for policy integration and alignment across various policy domains, and an increased focus on policy mixes that can stimulate the emergence of more disruptive innovations and value chains. There is also a need for industrial initiatives, such as improving absorptive capacity and strengthening actor networks, to help build the value chains needed to realize a sustainable bioeconomy.Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-09-13 (alebob)</p