Effects of smoking on eustachian tube and hearing

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tobacco use on the Eustachian tube and inner ear function. Study Design: Case-control study. Subjects and settings: Thirty-one nonsmoking volunteers and 34 smoking subjects recruited in an University Hospital, submitted to an audiological evaluation including pure tone audiometry, basal tympanogram, stapedial reflexes analysis, and nine-step eustachian tube (ET) function test. Results: Pure Tone Average (PTA) threshold at all frequencies tested was 12.5 dB in smokers and 3.7 in nonsmoking subjects. Nine smokers (27%) presented some degree of hearing loss versus none in the nonsmoker group. Linear regression analysis showed a higher degree of sensorineural hearing loss with age in smokers. Among the smokers, 20 subjects (59%) presented an impaired tubal function for the nine-step inflation/deflation tympanometric test, while only 6 (19%) subjects in the group of nonsmokers showed a tubal dysfunction. Conclusion: Tobacco use may reduce the ability to hear, mainly causing a sensorineural hearing loss for higher frequencies. We also found the presence of a high number of smokers suffering from tubal dysfunction. This has an important clinical relevance, not only because smoking increases the incidence of middle ear diseases, but also because tubal dysfunction may cause nonspecific symptoms characterised by ear fullness and difficulties in middle ear equalisation

Sudden hearing loss: a study of prognostic factors for hearing recovery

Objective: Sudden hearing loss (SHL) is a disease, isolated or associated with vertigo, of unknown etiology. The aim of this study was to identify the prognostic factors for hearing recovery.Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 287 cases of SHL (mean age 42). Tonal threshold audiometry, BAEP, and RM were the diagnostic procedures for clinical balance of the patient. The therapy used the following: corticosteroids, osmotic diuretic infusion, and vasoactives. All the factors were evaluated through statistical tests, Spearman test, and linear logistic regression.Results: In our study, we observed that 39.3% of patients improved, 27.9% remained unchanged, 29% had complete recovery, and 3.8% worsened. Therapy was not related to the degree of recovery from hearing loss, whereas young age, delayed diagnosis, and audiometric curve type were the three factors related to the degree of hearing recovery.Conclusions: In our study, we report a better overall recovery rate compared with spontaneous recovery. In particular, early treated patients as well as patients with upsloping hearing loss frequently recovered after treatment. Age, time between onset and treatment, and audiogram type were shown to be significantly related to outcome