A Review of Response of Angiogenic and Angiostatic Factors to Exercise

Aims: Angiogenesis and angiostasis processes mean the forming and preventing the formation of a new capillary from pre-capillary, respectively. Angiogenesis due to exercise is controlled by the balance between angiogenic and angiostatic factors. Angiogenesis due to exercise training by increasing capillary density in muscle fibers improves the transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the muscle. The aim of this review was to evaluate the response of each of these angiogenic and angiostatic factors to exercise. Conclusion: Vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, angiopoiten and matrix metalloproteinase are most important angiogenic factors that show an up-regulated response following exercise. In contrast, angiostatin, endostatin, thrombospondine 1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase act as most important angiostatic factors. Although their functions in cell culture are cleared, further research is still necessary to obtain more consistent conclusions about response of inhibiting factors in both of physiologic and pathologic conditions following exercise

The effectiveness of continuous and interval exercise preconditioning against chronic unpredictable stress: Involvement of hippocampal PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway

Various exercise-training types are known to prevent depression, but mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects remain unknown. In the present study, the preconditioning effect of continuous and interval exercise on stress-induced depression was evaluated. Adult male Wistar rats in the exercise groups were made to run on a motorized treadmill, five sessions per week for six weeks. After that, to induce the depression model, the rats were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress for three weeks. Behavioral tests were assessed by open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swim tests. Hippocampal PGC-1α, FNDC5, and BDNF protein expression by Western blot and serum corticosterone by ELISA were detected. In the present results, after continuous and interval exercise periods, locomotor activity, the number of entries and time spent in the open arms were increased, and immobility time was significantly reduced. PGC-1α, FNDC5, and BDNF protein levels had a significant increase, and serum corticosterone did not change. Also, interval exercise training increased PGC-1α and FNDC5 more than continuous. Chronic unpredictable stress reduced the positive changes caused by exercise training, although, except FNDC5, exercise preconditioned groups experienced less significant adverse changes in most variables. These findings showed that both continuous and interval exercise preconditioning with increasing hippocampal PGC-1α, FNDC5, and BDNF proteins and improve the anxiety- and depression-like behaviors have a protective effect against chronic unpredictable stress. © 2021 Elsevier Lt