353 research outputs found

    Generalized Analysis of Elastic Wave Dispersion Asymmetries in Moving Periodic Media

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    This work presents a generalized physical interpretation of unconventional dispersion asymmetries associated moving elastic solids. By shifting the notion from systems with time-variant material fields to physically traveling materials, the newly adopted paradigm provides an eloquent take on the dispersion problem and, in the process, highlights discrepancies between both schemes. Equations governing the motion of an elastic rod with a prescribed moving velocity observed from a stationary reference frame are used to predict propagation patterns and asymmetries in wave velocities induced as a result of the induced linear momentum bias. Three distinct scenarios corresponding to a moving rod with a constant modulus, a spatially varying one, and one that varies in space and time are presented. These cases are utilized to extract and interpret correlations pertaining to directional velocities, dispersion patterns, as well as nature of band gaps between moving periodic media and their stationary counterparts with time-traveling material properties. A linear vertical shear transformation is derived and utilized to thoroughly neutralize the effect of the moving velocity on the resultant dispersion characteristics. Finally, dispersion contours associated with the transient response of a finite moving medium are used to validate the entirety of the presented framework

    In rem administrative rights: A comparative study

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    ุฅู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ูˆูุฑู†ุณุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ุงู„ุชุตุฑู ุจุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุจุฃูŠ ุดูƒู„ ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุซูŽู… ุชู‚ุน ุจุงุทู„ุฉ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุซู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ. ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุธุฑ ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุฒูˆู„ ููŠ ูุฑู†ุณุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุชุจูŠู† ู„ู„ู…ุดุฑุน ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุงุจุฏ ู…ู† ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ุนู‚ุงุฑูŠ ุฎุตูˆุตู‹ุง ู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฅู„ุง ุจุชู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ู„ุดุงุบู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุงู‚ุชุถู‰ ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ู„ุดุบุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุจุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุนูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‚ุชุถูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠูƒุณุฑ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุญุธุฑ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠ ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠ ุณูŠุทุฑ ููŠ ูุฑู†ุณุง ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง. ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูู„ุงุจุฏ ู…ู† ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญู‚ูŠู† ุนูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ูุฑู†ุณุงุŒ ูˆู‡ู…ุง ุญู‚ุงู† ุนูŠู†ูŠุงู† ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุงู† ูŠุชู…ูŠุฒุงู† ุนู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุนุฑูู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู†ุธุงู… ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ุงู‚ุชุถุชู‡ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ุญูƒูˆู… ุฏูˆู…ู‹ุง ุจู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุชุฑุงุนูŠ ุถุฑูˆุฑุงุช ุชุฎุตูŠุตู‡ ู„ู„ู…ู†ูุนุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ. ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุนุชุฑู ุงู„ู…ุดุฑุน ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ ุจุญู‚ ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุฐูŠ ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ู„ู„ุบูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุฌุงุฒ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฅุจุฑุงู… ุฅุฌุงุฑุฉ ุญูƒุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุฆุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู…ุงุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู‡ุง. ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎุถุน ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‘ุน ูƒู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ุธุงู… ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ูŠูˆุงุฒู† ุจูŠู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฎุตูŠุต ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู„ู„ู†ูุน ุงู„ุนุงู… ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉุŒ ูˆุญู‚ ุงู„ู…ุชุนุงู‚ุฏ ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑ ูŠุณุงุนุฏู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู… ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰. ูˆุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ูŠูู„ุงุญุธ ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุฃู‚ุฑ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† 10 ู„ุณู†ุฉ 1987 ุŒ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุญุฏุฏ ู…ุถู…ูˆู†ู‹ุง ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠู‹ุง ูˆุงุถุญู‹ุง ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ุ› ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‘ุน ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠ ูู„ู… ูŠุนุฑู‘ู ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุฅู„ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุถูŠู‚ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ูˆุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠThe common rule in Arab countries and France is that public funds may not be handled in any way, therefore, all in rem rights that could pertain to public funds become void. However, this prohibition has begun to fade in France in recent years. Legislators have realized that public funds, real estate funds in particular, must be utilized in investment and development. This would only occur by strengthening the legal status of those who handle public funds, which requires that the in rem rights of those handlers be recognized in order to stabilize the legal relations needed to pursue the investment of public funds. This would break the traditional historical prohibition that has prevailed in France for a very long time. If this is the case, it must be noted that there are two in rem rights that have been recognized in France. These are in rem administrative rights that are distinct from in rem rights as defined by civil law. The legal system for civil in rem rights differs from that for in rem administrative rights, which is a legal system shaped by the legal nature of public funds that is always subject to legal rules that takes into account the necessity for these funds to be allocated for the public good. The French legislature has recognized a special right of ownership of others over public funds. It has also permitted the possibility of drawing up an exclusive lease on public funds belonging to local associations and their affiliated public corporations. The legislature has made these two rights subject to a meticulous legal system that balances the rights of management to maintain fund allocations for the public good with the right of the contractor to hold a stable legal status that enables it to pursue the investment of public funds. Conversely, Qatari law guarantees in rem rights on public funds through Law No 10 of 1987, but does not specify any clear legal context for these rights. Moreover, the Syrian legislature does not recognize the idea of in rem rights on public funds except in a very limited and extraordinary scop

    Reconciliation as a means of resolving autonomous administrative disputes

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    ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ู‡ูˆ ุนู‚ุฏ ูŠู†ู‡ูŠ ุจู…ูˆุฌุจู‡ ุนุงู‚ุฏุงู‡ ู†ุฒุงุนู‹ุง ู‚ุงุฆู…ู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ู…ุญุชู…ู„ู‹ุง ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุชู†ุงุฒู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงุฏู„ุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุตู„ุญ ุฃู‚ุฑู‡ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ ู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุŒ ูˆูŠูุนุฏ ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠู‘ู‹ุง ู„ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒุนุงุช ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ู†ุธุฑู‹ุง ู„ู…ุง ูŠุชุณู… ุจู‡ ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ู…ู† ุณุฑุนุฉ ููŠ ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒุนุงุชุŒ ูˆู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุญุณูŠู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆูŠูˆูุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ. ูˆู„ู„ุตู„ุญ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ุตุฑูŠุญู‹ุงุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ุถู…ู†ูŠู‘ู‹ุงุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ุณุงุจู‚ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุนูˆู‰ ุฃูˆ ู…ุนุงุตุฑู‹ุง ู„ู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ู„ุงุญู‚ู‹ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง. ูˆูŠุชู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒุนุงุช )ุงู„ุชุฑูƒ ูˆุงู„ุชู†ุงุฒู„ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ(ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุชุตุฑู ุชุนุงู‚ุฏูŠ ูŠู†ู‡ูŠ ุฃูˆ ูŠุชูˆู‚ู‰ ู†ุฒุงุนู‹ุง ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุฒู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงุฏู„ุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุจุฏูŠู„ุฉ ููŠ ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒุนุงุช )ุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ุชุธู„ู… ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠ(ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุฅู† ุฅุจุฑุงู… ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฐ ุจู‡ุงุชูŠู† ุงู„ูˆุณูŠู„ุชูŠู†. ุฃู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุตู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ุจุฑู… ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉุŒ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ูŠูุนุฏ ุนู‚ุฏู‹ุง ู…ุง ุฏุงู… ุฃุจุฑู… ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฎู„ุงู ูู‚ู‡ูŠ ูˆู‚ุถุงุฆูŠ ุญูˆู„ ุทุจูŠุนุชู‡ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏูŠุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุชู… ุฅุจุฑุงู…ู‡ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูŠูุนุฏ ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ุงู„ู…ุจุฑู… ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุนู‚ุฏู‹ุง ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠู‘ู‹ุงุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒุนุฉ ู…ุญู„ ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฎู„ ุฃุณุงุณู‹ุง ููŠ ุงุฎุชุตุงุต ุงู„ู‚ุถุงุก ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ุชู… ุชูƒูŠูŠู ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ูƒุนู‚ุฏ ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠูุนุฏ ู…ู† ู‚ุจูŠู„ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุชุนู…ู„ ููŠ ู…ุนุฑุถ ุชู†ููŠุฐู‡ุง ุณู„ุทุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ููŠ ุฅุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู…ุท ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ.Reconciliation is a contract by which parties can settle a dispute or a potential dispute by reaching mutual concessions. Although this definition of the reconciliation contract applies to the field of civil law, this concept of the reconciliation has been incorporated into administrative law jurisprudence. The administrative reconciliation contract is an important means to resolve administrative disputes as it offers a quick resolution for disputes. In addition, it improves the relationship between the administration and the citizens and provides savings in public expenditure. This contract of reconciliation is of several types. It can be an explicit contract or may be implicitly implied. On the other hand, reconciliation may take place before the lawsuit is filed, while the lawsuit is being considered, or after a judicial decision is reached. The contract of reconciliation is characterized by several procedural features that make it distinguished from other procedural concepts in dispute resolution mechanisms (such as abandonment, waiver, acceptance and giving expertise). This is because it is a contractual act that terminates or prevents a dispute through mutual concessions. There is also a clear connection between reconciliation and other alternative means of dispute resolution (administrative conciliation and petition) since reaching a conclusion of the contract of administrative reconciliation is often the result of taking one of these two means. As for the legal nature of the reconciliation concluded by public persons, it is rendered as a contract in the field of self-right. There is a dispute over its contractual nature both jurisprudentially and judicially if it is concluded in the field of substantive rights. The reconciliation concluded by the public legal persons is considered as an administrative contract if the dispute โ€“ that the reconciliation is seeking to endโ€“ is essentially within the jurisdiction of the administrative courts. However, in this case, where the reconciliation is considered as an administrative contract, it falls within the category of contracts that the administration does not have the usual contracting and implementation powers known under the general administrative contracts rules. The rational of this approach is to maintain the legal security of such type of contracts
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