A potential role for sirtuin-1 in Alzheimer\u27s disease: Reviewing the biological and environmental evidence

Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), encoded by the SIRT1 gene, is a conserved Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) dependent deacetylase enzyme, considered as the master regulator of metabolism in humans. Sirt1 contributes to a wide range of biological pathways via several mechanisms influenced by lifestyle, such as diet and exercise. The importance of a healthy lifestyle is of relevance to highly prevalent modern chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD). There is growing evidence at multiple levels for a role of Sirt1/SIRT1 in AD pathological mechanisms. As such, this review will explore the relevance of Sirt1 to AD pathological mechanisms, by describing the involvement of Sirt1/SIRT1 in the development of AD pathological hallmarks, through its impact on the metabolism of amyloid- and degradation of phosphorylated tau. We then explore the involvement of Sirt1/SIRT1 across different AD-relevant biological processes, including cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiome, before discussing the interplay between Sirt1 and AD-related lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, and smoking, as well as depression, a common comorbidity. Genome-wide association studies have explored potential associations between SIRT1 and AD, as well as AD risk factors and co-morbidities. We summarize this evidence at the genetic level to highlight links between SIRT1 and AD, particularly associations with AD-related risk factors, such as heart disease. Finally, we review the current literature of potential interactions between SIRT1 genetic variants and lifestyle factors and how this evidence supports the need for further research to determine the relevance of these interactions with respect to AD and dementia

A genetic polymorphism in the CYP1B1 gene in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: an Iranian Mashhad cohort study recruited over 10 years

Background: Esophageal-cancer is the seventh most common-cause of cancer-related-deaths in men. Cytochrome-P450-family-1-subfamily-B-polypeptide-1 (CYP1B1) plays a role in the metabolism of xenobiotics, and is associated with several cancers. Here we investigated the association between a genetic-variant, CYP1B1-rs1056836, with the clinical-characteristics of patients with esophagus-squamous-cell-carcinoma (ESCC). Method: 117-patients with ESCC and 208 healthy-subjects were recruited. DNA was extracted and genotyped. Kaplan-Meier curves were utilized to assess overall and progression-free survival. The relationship between clinicopathological-data, disease-prognosis, and survival, were evaluated with the genotypes. Results: the genotypic frequency for GG, GC, and CC were 58.6%, 29.8%, 11.5% respectively in the healthy subjects and 51.8%, 36.14% and 12% in the ESCC group. An association between the GG genotype and stage of ESCC was found. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a relationship between the CYP1B1-rs1056836 genetic polymorphism and clinical features of ESCC, supporting further studies in larger-populations in different-ethnic groups, taking into account potentially important environmental-factors

Analysis of plasma plume parameters in physio-chemical processes of RF plasma jet plume direct in water for the inactivation of Enterococcus bacteria

The contamination of Enterococcus bacterium is widely observed in the living environment and water. The decontamination of drinking water from the bacterial pollution is an important issue in water treatment. Here, the inactivation of Enterococcus bacteria is studied by placing the dielectric barrier discharge structure, with the RF discharge frequency of 13.56 MHz atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet, directly in water, whereas the water around the plasma plume was seething and the bubbles produced stirring all liquid volume. The ability to place a plasma jet nozzle directly in water for 10 min while maintaining a steady and uniform plasma plume, besides water temperature, provides the effectiveness enhancement in the inactivation of bacteria. The absorption of UV radiation in water is effective, and the role of UV radiation of plasma plume was mainly responsible for the destruction of peptidoglycan, which is the outer layer of Enterococcus. Then, the presence of electrons and plasma plume in water leads to the formation of hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, and other reactive radicals that are involved in chemical reactions, which lead to the inactivation of micro-organisms. The number of bacteria decreases from the initial value of 16 × 105 MPN/100 ml to less than 1.2 MPN/100 ml. The spectra of the plasma radiation, with the plume length 2 cm within the water, have been analyzed via the first nitrogen negative system N2+B−X. The plume temperature was calculated to be about 64 °C, which has a good agreement with water temperature measured by using a thermometer at about 67 °C after 15 min at maximum 200 W input power of the plasma jet

The investigation of valid criteria for hospitalization and discharge in patients with limb cellulitis: A prospective cohort study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a valid model for patients� admission or discharge from emergency services to improve the health system and reduce costs. Methods: This study was carried out using a prospective cohort method. The study population was patients with limb cellulitis referring to the emergency department of Peymanieh hospital. In this research, the study participants were separated into two groups based on the duration of hospitalization (hospital stay less than 24 hours or longer than 24 hours), then the patients were again separated into 4 groups based on the classification of the the Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST) guideline, which in each of these groups the mean age, gender, and the prevalence of underlying diseases were identified and the final outcome for each group was determined after one week from the visit to the hospital. Results: Peripheral vascular disease, history of injection drug use, immunodeficiency and congenital immune deficiency had a significant relationship with the rate of hospitalization and recurrence. There was a significant relationship between class 1 disease and hospitalization for less than 24 hours, classes 2 and 3, and hospitalization for more than 24 hours (P < 0.001). There was a significant relationship between grade 1 disease and non-recourse, grade 3 and recurrence within one week after initiation of the treatment (P < 0.001). But there was no relationship between grade 2 and grade 4 and the referral of the patient after treatment. Conclusion: Corset Scale is a reliable scale for assessing the severity of the disease to determine the process of cellulite treatment for outpatient or hospitalization. © 2020 The Author(s)