The enzyme activity dynamic relationship with the content of structural polypeptides of enterocyte membranes in cattle fetal

The article performs new data on the relationship between the hydrolytic and transport enzyme activity at different poles of the enterocytes plasmolemma of cow's fetal large intestine with the content of individual fractions of polypeptides. An expressive direct dependence of enzyme activity dynamics on the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes containing low molecular weight proteins and an inverse relationship with the concentration of proteins with medium and large molecular weights has been proved. It was found that the alkaline activity of the phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase on the apical domain of enterocyte plasmolemma is directly related to the proteins content with molecular masses of 9.6–14.2 kD, 21 kD, 22.5 kD, 26 kD, 33 kD, 35 kD, 170–185 kD, and 205 kD (P ≤ 0.05–0.001). Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity is straightly related to protein quantity with molecular weights of 15.5 kDa and 39 kD (P ≤ 0.05). In contrast, alkaline phosphatase and GGT activity have inverse correlations with the content of polypeptides with molecular masses of 46 kD, 63 kD, and 250 kD in the apical membrane of enterocytes (P ≤ 0.01–0.001). The lactase activity in the cattle enterocytes apical membrane during the test period has significant direct correlations only with the amount of the polypeptide of polypeptides with molecular weights of 31 kD, 39 kD, and 100 kD (P ≤ 0.05–0.01) and inverse relationships containing proteins with molecular masses of 46 kD and 120 kD (P ≤ 0.05). A linear dependence of the different ATPase activity of the apical membrane of red blood cells containing proteins with molecular weights of 9.6–14.2 kD, 15.5 kD, 21 kD, 22.5 kD, 33 kD, 35 kD, 39 kD, and 205 kD (P ≤ 0.05–0.001) was observed. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the apical membrane of enterocytes is only directly related to the number of proteins with molecular weights of 17 kD and 24 kD (P ≤ 0.001) in this domain. It inversely depends on the content of proteins with molecular masses of 9.6–14.2 kD and 52 kD (P ≤ 0.001). G-glutamyltransferase activity is inversely related to protein content with molecular weights of 43 kD, 52 kD, 66 kD, 87 kD, and 100 kD and 155 kD (P ≤ 0.001). The Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase of the basolateral membrane activity of enterocytes is directly related to the protein amount with molecular weights of 26 kD (P ≤ 0.01), Mg2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase with protein content with the molecular value of 100 kD (P ≤ 0.05)

Expression of plasmolemma proteins of the absorptive enterocytes of the cattle in the late fetal period

The article presents new scientific data on the expression of plasmalemma proteins of the absorptive enterocytes of the bovine intestines of five to nine months of age. In the late fetal period, 31 and 27 protein fractions of apical and basolateral membranes, respectively, were found in the plasmalemma of the jejunum intestine, which had a molecular weight of 9.6 kDa to 300 kDa. Twenty-nine protein fractions were detected in the apical membranes of five-month-old cattle enterocytes. It should be noted that protein fractions with low molecular weight (up to 24 kDa) were only 19.7 %, with molecular weights from 24 kDa to 100 kDa – 69.2 %, and fractions with molecular weights of 100 kDa and more were detected only – 11.1 % of the total number of polypeptides. Twenty-five protein fractions with a molecular weight of 9.6 to 155 kDa were found in the basolateral enterocyte membranes of five-month-old fetus. A large proportion of the detected protein fractions belonged to low molecular weight polypeptides (9.6–24 kDa – 40.26 %). Proteins with a molecular weight of 24–95 kDa – 55.2 %, with a molecular mass of 100 kDa and more were found only 4.56 %. High molecular weight proteins in the basolateral membrane of jejunum enterocytes of five-months-old cattle with a molecular weight greater than 155 kDa were not detected by electrophoresis (unlike the apical membrane). Analysis of the results of studies membranes protein of cattle enterocytes in late fetal period indicates significant changes in their polypeptide composition. In particular, in the basolateral membranes of enterocytes during the late fetal period there is a decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions (3.3 times; P ≤ 0.001) and an increase in the proportion of high molecular weight. In addition, from the age of eight months, proteins with a molecular weight of 9.6–14.2 kDa and 75 kDa disappear in the basolateral membrane. Instead, proteins with a molecular weight of 300 kDa and 170-1885 kDa are appeared. In addition, in the apical membranes of enterocytes there is a significant decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions and an increase in polypeptides with a molecular weight greater than 100 kDa. The appearance in the apical membranes of jejunum enterocytes of calves from eight months of age embryonic development of fractions of polypeptides with molecular weight of 24 kDa and 66 kDa, which are present until the end of the fetal period

Structural proteins of plasmolemma of the jejunum absorbing enterocytes of cattle fetus in early fetal period

The data on the concentration of structural proteins of plasmolemma of the absorption enterocytes of the cattle fetus in the early fetal period are presented. Changes in the protein composition of the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes are manifested, characterized not only by changes in their ratio within different cell domains, but also by the dynamic redistribution of the number of different fractions of polypeptides between the poles of these cells. Analysis of the results of electrophoresis of apical membranes of the cattle fetus enterocytes in the early fetal period indicates a decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions and an increase in high molecular weight. In the apical membranes of enterocytes of two-month-old cattle fetus, 25 protein fractions with a molecular weight of 9.6 to 205 kDa were detected. In the basolateral membranes revealed 23 protein fractions with a molecular weight of 9.6 to 120 kDa. High molecular weight fractions of polypeptides with molecular weights of 250 kDa and 300 kDa appear from the age of three months of embryos of calves. In the basolateral membranes of enterocytes, there is a slight decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions, and from the four months of age of cattle fetus, high molecular weight fractions of polypeptides with molecular weights of 22.5 kDa and 155 kDa appear, which are absent in basolateral membranes of enterocytes. Two-month-old fetus lack proteins with a molecular weight of 19 kDa, 24 kDa, and 66 kDa in the apical part, whereas proteins with a mass of 22.5 kDa, 155 kDa, 170–185 kDa, and 205 kDa are absent on the basolateral membrane. In the apical membrane of enterocytes significantly more proteins with a low molecular weight of 9.6-14.2 kDa (1.56 times; P ≤ 0.001), whereas in the basolateral membrane a significantly higher concentration of proteins with a molecular weight of 15.5 kDa (2.06 times; P ≤ 0.001) and 17 kDa (3.62 times; P ≤ 0.001)

Зміни структурних компонентів слизової оболонки та протеїнів плазмо-леми ентероцитів порожньої кишки плодів великої рогатої худоби

The interrelationships of morphological changes of the mucosa of the large intestine with the dynamics of enzyme activity at different poles of enterocytes of cattle during the fetal period of ontogenesis are shown and analyzed. The work was performed on Holstein cattle aged two to nine months. The activity of hydrolytic and transport enzymatic systems in the basolateral membrane of cattle enterocytes depends less on the morphometric parameters of the large intestine than in the apical membrane. It is proved that during the fruitful period of ontogenesis there are dynamic transformations of enzyme systems of enterocytes of the large intestine of cattle which are connected with morphological changes of the mucous membrane of the large intestine. The activity of hydrolytic and transport enzymes in different domains of the plasma enterocytes of fetal cattle is interrelated with the morphometric parameters of the colon, in particular. the activity of alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, Na+, K+-ATPase, Ca2 +, Mg2 +-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the apical membrane of enterocytes is inversely related to the thickness of the intestinal wall with villi and the mucous membrane of the cavity (P ≤ 0.01–0.001). A significant correlation was found between the activity of alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, Na+, K+-ATPase, Ca2 +, Mg2 +-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the apical membrane of enterocytes with villi height (P ≤ 0.05). The activity of hydrolytic and transport enzymatic systems in the basolateral membrane of bovine fetal enterocytes depends to a lesser extent on the morphometric parameters of the large intestine than in the apical membrane. In particular, only the activity of alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase is inversely related to the thickness of the intestinal wall with villi and the mucous membrane of the jejunum with villi (P ≤ 0.01–0.001). The activity of transport enzymes is directly related to the morphometric parameters of the colon (P ≤ 0.01). The activity of these enzymes in the basolateral membrane does not significantly depend on the width of the villi, but is dependent on their height.Показано і проаналізовано взаємозв’язки морфологічних змін слизової оболонки порожньої кишки з динамікою активності ензимів на різних полюсах ентероцитів великої рогатої худоби протягом плодового періоду онтогенезу. Роботу виконано на плодах великої рогатої худоби Голштинської породи, віком від двох до дев’яти місяців. Активність гідролітичних і транспортних ензиматичних систем у базолатеральній мембрані ентероцитів плодів великої рогатої худоби у меншій мірі залежить від морфометричних показників порожньої кишки, ніж така в апікальній мембрані. Доведено, що протягом плодового періоду онтогенезу відбуваються динамічні перетворення ферментних систем ентероцитів порожньої кишки великої рогатої худоби що пов’язані з морфологічними змінами слизової оболонки порожньої кишки. Активність гідролітичних і транспортних ензимів у різних доменах плазмолеми ентероцитів плодів великої рогатої худоби взаємопов’язана з морфометричними показниками порожньої кишки, зокрема. активність лужної фосфатази, γ-глутамілтрансферази, Na+, K+-АТФази, Ca2+, Mg2+-АТФази та Mg-АТФази в апікальній мембрані ентероцитів обернено пов’язана з товщиною кишкової стінки з ворсинками та слизової оболонки порожньої кишки з ворсинками (Р ≤ 0,01–0,001). Встановлено достовірний кореляційний зв’язок активності лужної фосфатази, γ-глутамілтрансферази, Na+, K+-АТФази, Ca2+, Mg2+-АТФази та Mg-АТФази в апікальній мембрані ентероцитів з висотою ворсинок (Р ≤ 0,05). Активність гідролітичних і транспортних ензиматичних систем у базолатеральній мембрані ентероцитів плодів великої рогатої худоби у меншій мірі залежить від морфометричних показників порожньої кишки, ніж така в апікальній мембрані. Зокрема, лише активність лужної фосфатази та γ-глутамілтрансферази обернено пов’язана з товщиною кишкової стінки з ворсинками та слизової оболонки порожньої кишки з ворсинками (Р ≤ 0,01–0,001). Активність транспортних ензимів має прямі зв’язки з морфометричними показниками порожньої кишки (Р ≤ 0,01). Активність цих ензимів у базолатеральній мембрані достовірно не залежить від ширини самих ворсинок, однак є залежною від їх висоти

Features of the functioning of the natural defense mechanisms of piglets under the influence of immunotropic substances

The number of studies related to detailed characteristics of immune system development in early stages of ontogenesis are directed to expansion of concepts of mechanisms of inherent and adaptive immunity in premature newborns. However, discrepancy in publication data and absence of clear conceptions about unique features of immune system in newborn piglets for different gestation periods have significant actuality for further investigation. The study was carried out to establish characteristics of phenotypic and functional characteristics of the immune cells and establishment of adaptive immunity in piglets. The antibody repertoire of sow has interested immunologists for decades, in part because of the ease with which large quantities of high affinity antibodies can be observed in serum, and into other fluids because of the presence of genetic variants for both light and heavy chain of all known immunoglobulin types. The integrative analysis of the cellular and humoral immunity in piglets during early ontogenesis carried out to clarify the exact mechanisms of the immune response modulation. Effectiveness and selectivity of the immunotropic chemicals application to regulate immune cell populations in piglets is presented. The progress in immune cell populations is regulated by the various cytokines production in the universal concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the development of the immune functions cross reacts with innate immunity mechanisms including anti-bacterial enzymes, epithelial barrier integrity in the both skin and intestine. The interaction between multiple components of innate immunity is a critic initiator of the dynamic changes in adaptive immunity. The natural resistance targets to the establishment of infection root and delays disease progression. The duration of the exposure to colostrum in important role in the dynamics of immune response as well as its efficacy. The chapter discusses the plural mechanisms so far proposed to be responsible for the modulation natural resistance

The formation of colostral immunity and its duration in calves during the first months of life

The paper presents the results of a study on the formation of colostral immunity and the determination of its duration during the first months of life of calves according to the indications of the level of total IgG and antigen-specific antibodies to pathogens of рarainfluenza 3, respiratory syncytial infection and viral diarrhea of cattle. It has been established that blood serum of newborn calves does not contain antigen-specific immunoglobulins of class G to pathogens of viral diarrhea, respiratory syncytial infection and parainfluenza-3, and the level of total IgG is 2.2 ± 0.61 g/dm3. The concentration of total IgG is increased to 50.50 ± 6.33 g/dm3, and decreases to 27.25 ± 5.82 g/dm3 for 28 days, which contributes to the formation of the immunosuppressive state at the 7th day of a calf life. Starting from 35th day, there is an increase in the concentration of total IgG due to seroconverting of its own antibodies by the body of calves. Immunization of cows-mothers against viral diarrhea, respiratory syncytial infection and parainfluenza-3 contributes to the formation of antigen-specific colostral immunity in calves in the first days of life, which is preserved in diagnostic titers during 63 days after birth

An optimization of protocol for mixed chimerism induction in mice model.

Studies on mixed chimerism are currently focused primarily on obtaining less toxic conditioning protocols. With these issues in mind, we have undertaken the attempt to optimize the procedure of mixed chimerism induction in mice. In order to reduce toxicity, we used decreasing doses of total body irradiation (TBI) together with combination of blocking antibodies. We also tried to eliminate immunosuppression (cyclophosphamide - CP) treatment after bone marrow transplantation. B6.SJL-PtprcaPep3b mice were injected with 20-30 x 106 bone marrow cells from Balb C mice. Mice were treated with TBI (3 - 1.5 - 0 Gy) on "-1" day of the experiment and blocking antibodies against CD40L ("0", and "4" days) and additionally anti-CD8 ("-2" day) and/or anti-NK1.1 ("-3" day). Mice in certain groups also received CP (175 mg/kg) on "2" day. Presence of mixed chimerism was assessed in peripheral blood cells by flow cytometry on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks of the experiment by detecting of CD45.1 (characteristic for B6.SJL-PtprcaPep3b strain) and CD45.2 (characteristic for Balb C strain) antigens expression. We also analyzed the percentage of peripheral blood CD8 T-cells (CD3e/CD8a) and NK cells (Ly-49D/NK1.1). We found that reduction of TBI dose and elimination of CP decrease the rate of mixed chimerism formation. The highest percentage of donor cells was obtained in the group of animals treated with 3 Gy of TBI, CP and combination of anti-CD40L, anti-CD8, and anti-NK1.1 antibodies. The 3 Gy TBI was necessary to induce stable mixed chimerism, but it could be obtained without the CP use. The percentage of CD3e/CD8a and Ly-49D/NK1.1 cells was significantly lower in the groups of mice treated by corresponding antibodies. Moreover, we observed the lowest number of peripheral blood Ly-49D/NK1.1 cells in the group of animals with highest mixed chimerism. Our experiments in mice model can help in better understanding of mixed chimerism phenomenon and in selecting the method of mixed chimerism induction with lowest possible toxicity. This also might improve the protocols of stable mixed chimerism induction in humans, and in the future, the effectiveness of vascularized organ transplantation

Кількісний ПЛР-аналіз кишкової мікробіоти у підсисних поросят різних вікових груп за діареї

The article presents the results of quantitative PCR detection of intestinal intestinal microbiota in suckling piglets of different age groups with diarrhea. To determine the etiology of diarrhea in piglets, 4 groups of animals were formed – two experimental and two control aged 3–5 and 17–21 days of life. Each group consisted of 6 piglets. The piglets in the experimental groups showed signs of diarrhea, and the pigs in the control groups were clinically healthy. Rectal smears were taken from piglets and immediately frozen at a temperature of -18 °C – -22 °C and stored in this form until laboratory examination. Isolation of genetic material from rectal smears was performed using a set of reagents for DNA/RNA extraction manufactured by Biosellal (France) on an automatic device “KingFisher Duo Prime” (USA). Performed mechanical lysis of biological material on the device for homogenization “FastPrep-24” (France). Specific regions of rotavirus RNA types A and C (PRV A, PRV C), the causative agent of swine diarrhea (PEDV) and Cl DNA fragments were determined in the purified nucleic acid solution. perfringens, E. coli, Cryptosporidium spp, Eimeria spr, Cystoisospora suis, as well as toxin-producing genes A and B Cl. difficile. Determinations of pathogenic E. coli was performed by toxin genes – STa, STb, LT, STX1, STX2 and EAE, as well as for by  coding genes – F4, F5, F18 and F41. The obtained results of the study of the genetic material of microorganisms extracted from rectal smears from clinically healthy pigs and with manifestations of diarrhea characterize the state of the microbiome and the distribution of microorganisms in the intestines of suckling piglets. It was found that the species composition of intestinal microorganisms in clinically healthy suckling piglets is represented by two Cl bacteria. perfringens and E. coli with dominance of the latter, in the population of which there are trace amounts of enterotoxigenic forms. At the same time, it was found that diarrhea in piglets aged 3–5 days of age is induced by a pathogenic effect on the body of rotavirus type C, which is complicated by the effect of toxin synthesizing Cl. difficile, and in pigs 17–21 days of age – co-infection of rotavirus type A and enterotoxigenic forms of E. coli.У статті наведено результати кількісного ПЛР-аналізу кишкової мікробіоти у підсисних поросят різних вікових груп за діареї. Для визначення етіології діареї у поросят було сформовано 4 групи тварин – дві дослідні та дві контрольні віком 3–5 та 17–21 доба життя. Кожна група налічувала по 6 поросят. Поросята дослідних груп мали ознаки діареї, а свині контрольних груп були клінічно здоровими. Від поросят відбирали ректальні мазки які одразу заморожувались при температурі -18 °С – -22 °С і у такому вигляді зберігались до лабораторного дослідження. Виділення генетичного матеріалу з ректальних мазків проводили за допомогою комплекту реактивів для екстракції ДНК/РНК виробництва Biosellal (Франція) на автоматичному приладі “KingFisher Duo Prime” (США). Попередньо проводили механічний лізис біологічного матеріалу на приладі для гомогенізації “FastPrep-24” (Франція). У очищеному розчині нуклеїнових кислот визначали специфічні ділянки РНК ротавірусу типів А і С (PRV A, PRV C), збуднику епідемічної діареї свиней (PEDV) та фрагменти ДНК Cl. perfringens, E. coli, Cryptosporidium spp, Eimeria spр, Cystoisospora suis, а також токсин продукуючі гени А і В Cl. difficile. Визначення патогенних E. coli проводили за шістьма токсин кодуючими генами –STа, STb, LT, STX1, STX2 і EAE, а також за адгезин кодуючими генами – F4, F5, F18 і F41. Отримані результати дослідження генетичного матеріалу мікроорганізмів екстрагованого з ректальних мазках від свиней клінічно здорових та з проявами діареї характеризують стан мікробіому та розподіл мікроорганізмів у кишечнику підсисних поросят. Встановлено, що видовий склад мікроорганізмів кишечнику клінічно здорових підсисних поросят представлений двома бактеріями Cl. perfringens та E. coli з домінуванням останньої, у популяції якої присутні слідові кількості ентеротоксигенних форм кишкової палички. Одночасно з цим з’ясовано, що діареї у поросят віком 3–5 діб життя індуковані патогенною дією на організм ротавірусу типу С, що ускладнюється впливом В токсин синтезуючої Cl. difficile, а у свиней 17–21 добового віку – коінфекцією ротавірусу типу А та ентеротоксигенних форм E. coli

The Effect of stem cell mobilisation with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on the morphology of the haematopoietic organs in mice

The cellular mobilisation of mice with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) results in an egress of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow and an increase in their level in the peripheral blood. While the mobilisation process with different agents is widely studied, little is known about the morphology of the murine haematopoietic organs during the mobilisation. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphology of the bone marrow, spleen and liver in mice mobilised with G-CSF. To address this issue mice were injected subcutaneously with G-CSF for 6 consecutive days. Morphological analysis revealed an increase in the number of mature neutrophils close to the wall of sinusoids in the bone marrow as well as hypertrophy of the red pulp in the spleen. At the same time no morphological changes were noticed in the livers of G-CSF-mobilised mice. In conclusion, G-CSF induces discrete ultrastructural changes in the bone marrow, which intensify the transendothelial traverse of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from it. The changes in the spleen are related to repopulation of this organ by mobilised early haematopoietic cells circulating in the peripheral blood. We also noticed that the process of migration of haematopoietic cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood began on day 2 and was most pronounced on day 4 after stimulation with G-CSF

Дослідження властивостей моногліцеридів як перспективної альтернати-ви антибіотикам в годуванні курчат-бройлерів

The spreading of antibiotic resistance in the modern world results from the application of uncontrolled and excessively intensive antibiotics for treating human infectious diseases and their use as growth stimulants in animal farming. In some economically developed countries, restrictions on the use of antibiotics are already applied in order to prevent the generation of resistant strains of microorganisms. An essential component of such means is antibiotic-free strategies in animal farming. Recently, strategies based on the alternative to both antimicrobials and growth promoters have been proposed, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, enzymes, and organic acids. Short-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides based on them are considered a promising alternatives to antimicrobial agents for poultry farming. However, the effects of these compounds on innate immunity and cytokine production in the intestinal system remain undiscovered. The experiment was carried out using two groups of Cobb 500 cross broilers in the conditions of an industrial poultry farm. The broiler chickens of the research group were exposed to a monoglyceride mixture with С3, С4, С8–С10 fatty acids from 1 to 7 days of life and 16 to 22 days of life at a dose of 0.5 l of the mixture per ton of water. On the 31-st day of life, productive parameters were evaluated, and five birds were selected from each group. The fragments of the duodenum, caecum, and rectum with contents were taken from the bird. In the presented study, the content of interferon-α in the tissue of the small intestine of broiler chickens under the conditions of drinking monoglyceride was studied. To evaluate the beneficial effect of monoglyceride, the state of the microbiome and productive indicators were determined. The study showed that the monoglyceride induces a statistically significant increase in the content of enterococcus in the duodenum, suppresses the growth of staphylococcus, and increases the production of interferon-α. Moreover, average daily weight gain relative to controls was almost 2% greater in monoglyceride-treated chicks. Thus, preservation of the state of microbiota and moderate stimulation of interferon-α production can be essential components of the multidirectional protective effect of monoglycerides and fatty acids.Тотальне поширення антибіотико-резистентності у сучасному світі є результатом безконтрольного і надмірно інтенсивного використання антибіотиків як для лікування інфекційних хвороб людини, так і застосування як стимуляторів росту у тваринництві. В окремих економічно розвинених країнах вже застосовуються обмеження використання антибіотиків з метою запобігання генерації резистентних штамів мікроорганізмів. Важливим компонентом таких засобів вважається використання антибіотик-фрі стратегій у тваринництві. Останнім часом пропонуються стратегії, побудовані на альтернативних антимікробних засобах та стимуляторах росту, включаючи пробіотики, пребіотики, синбіотики, ферменти та органічні кислоти. Коротколанцюгові жирні кислоти та моногліцериди на їх основі розглядаються як перспективна альтернатива анти-мікробних засобів для птахівництва. Однак залишаються нерозкритими ефекти цих сполук на вроджений імунітет і продукцію цитокінів в інтестинальній системі. Дослід проведений на двох групах бройлерів кросу Cobb 500 в умовах промислової птахофабрики. Курчатам-бройлерам дослідної групи додавали препарат моногліцериду з жирними кислотами С3, С4, С8–С10 з 1 по 7 добу життя та з 16 по 22 добу життя у дозі 0,5 л препарату на тонну води. На 31 добу життя оцінювали продуктивні параметри та відбирали по 5 голів птиці з кожної групи. У птиці відбирали фрагменти дванадцятипалої, сліпої та прямої кишок із вмістом. В даному дослідженні вивчали вміст інтерферону-α у тканині тонкого кишечника курчат-бройлерів за умов випоювання моногліцериду. Для оцінки корисного впливу моногліцериду визначали стан мікробіому та продуктивні показники. Результати дослідження показали, що препарат моногліцериду сприяє статистично достовірному зростанню вмісту ентерококів у дванадцятипалій кишці, пригнічує ріст стафілококів та підвищує продукцію інтерферону-α. До того ж середньодобове зростання ваги щодо контролю було майже на 2 % більшим у курчат, які отримували моногліцерид. Таким чином, збереження стану мікробіоти і помірна стимуляція продукції інтерферону-α можуть бути важливими складовими багатоспрямованої захисної дії моногліцеридів та жирних кислот