Mammals adjust diel activity across gradients of urbanization

Time is a fundamental component of ecological processes. How animal behavior changes over time has been explored through well-known ecological theories like niche partitioning and predator–prey dynamics. Yet, changes in animal behavior within the shorter 24-hr light–dark cycle have largely gone unstudied. Understanding if an animal can adjust their temporal activity to mitigate or adapt to environmental change has become a recent topic of discussion and is important for effective wildlife management and conservation. While spatial habitat is a fundamental consideration in wildlife management and conservation, temporal habitat is often ignored. We formulated a temporal resource selection model to quantify the diel behavior of 8 mammal species across 10 US cities. We found high variability in diel activity patterns within and among species and species-specific correlations between diel activity and human population density, impervious land cover, available greenspace, vegetation cover, and mean daily temperature. We also found that some species may modulate temporal behaviors to manage both natural and anthropogenic risks. Our results highlight the complexity with which temporal activity patterns interact with local environmental characteristics, and suggest that urban mammals may use time along the 24-hr cycle to reduce risk, adapt, and therefore persist, and in some cases thrive, in human-dominated ecosystems

Mental health needs and services in the West Bank, Palestine

Background Palestine is a low income country with scarce resources, which is seeking independence. This paper discusses the high levels of mental health need found amongst Palestinian people, and examines services, education and research in this area with particular attention paid to the West Bank. Methods CINAHL, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to search for materials. Results and conclusion Evidence from this review is that there is a necessity to increase the availability and quality of mental health care. Mental health policy and services in Palestine need development in order to better meet the needs of service users and professionals. It is essential to raise awareness of mental health and increase the integration of mental health services with other areas of health care. Civilians need their basic human needs met, including having freedom of movement and seeing an end to the occupation. There is a need to enhance the resilience and capacity of community mental health teams. There is a need to increase resources and offer more support, up-to-date training and supervision to mental health teams

Impairments, Diagnosis and Treatments Associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in UK Adults: Results from the Lifetime Impairment Survey

AimThe Lifetime Impairment Survey assessed how ADHD impairs everyday life, identifying areas most affected.MethodsThis opinion-based survey evaluated experiences, diagnosis and treatment of lifetime impairment in adults with (n=89) and without (n=94) ADHD. Groups were compared using impairment and symptoms scales; higher scores indicate greater impairment.ResultsMean (standard deviation) age at diagnosis was 18.2 (11.5) years; 47.1% were taking prescription medication for ADHD. Adults with ADHD reported greater impairments than those without for all scales (p<0.001) except the involvement scale.ConclusionGreater impairments in adults with than without ADHD suggest a continued impact throughout their daily lives