On the resolution of the big bang singularity in isotropic Loop Quantum Cosmology

In contrast to previous work in the field, we construct the Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) of the flat isotropic model with a massless scalar field in the absence of higher order curvature corrections to the gravitational part of the Hamiltonian constraint. The matter part of the constraint contains the inverse triad operator which can be quantized with or without the use of a Thiemann- like procedure. With the latter choice, we show that the LQC quantization is identical to that of the standard Wheeler DeWitt theory (WDW) wherein there is no singularity resolution. We argue that the former choice leads to singularity resolution in the sense of a well defined, regular (backward) evolution through and beyond the epoch where the size of the universe vanishes. Our work along with that of the seminal work of Ashtekar, Pawlowski and Singh (APS) clarifies the role, in singularity resolution, of the three `exotic' structures in this LQC model, namely: curvature corrections, inverse triad definitions and the `polymer' nature of the kinematic representation. We also critically examine certain technical assumptions made by APS in their analysis of WDW semiclassical states and point out some problems stemming from the infrared behaviour of their wave functionsComment: 26 pages, no figure

KIF14 and E2F3 mRNA expression in human retinoblastoma and its phenotype association

Purpose: We quantified mRNA expression of candidate genes for proliferation (KIF14 and E2F3) in a large retinoblastoma tumor cohort and associated with disease phenotype. Methods: KIF14 and E2F3 mRNA expression was quantified by real time PCR in 57 retinoblastoma (RB) tumors, 3 RB cell lines, and control samples that included 4 each fetal, age-matched, adult retinas. Immunohistochemistry was done to confirm KIF14 and E2F3 protein expression in tumor cells. The mRNA expression levels were correlated with disease phenotypes including the significance of chemotherapy on tumors. Results: There was statistically significant overexpression of KIF14 and E2F3 mRNA in tumors compared with control retinas (p<0.0001). Further, E2F3 also showed a significant overexpression compared to RB cell lines (p=0.01). Immunohistochemistry confirmed KIF14 and E2F3 protein overexpression in tumor cells. KIF14 had significant mRNA overexpression with older age (p=0.01) in presenting patients and in unilateral RB patients (p=0.04). Chemotherapytreated tumors showed a significant decrease in KIF14 and E2F3 expression compared to untreated tumors (p<0.01 and 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: This report confirms significant mRNA overexpression of KIF14 and E2F3 together in a large cohort of RB tumors. The decreased expression in chemotherapy treated cases needs further validation in a large chemotherapytreated cohort

From Routes to Roots: A Vision of the Indian Subcontinent in Salman Rushdie’s Novels

Rushdie has explored many themes and issues in his writing cosmos within the postcolonial perspective in relationship with language, history, politics, identity, migration, and globalization. The present paper is focused on his two famous novels The Moor's Last Sigh and Shalimar the Clown that had taken a reversion from the other works that are based on western countries and characters. He is traversing back from routes to roots, envisioning the Indian subcontinent within his critiques. Rushdie encompasses through the geographical, political, and cultural limits in the course of his written works, just to come back to explore his subcontinent. In both these books the Indian nation expects a key topical core interest with a major focus on serious issues like historical backdrop of India loaded with turbulence in the present circumstances, and the issue of Kashmir has given a priority that has got mutilated between India and Pakistan since independence. The experience of distance inside the third world connection is pondered upon after the postcolonial era of the subcontinent. Rushdie investigates the historical backdrop of India full with turbulence in the most recent century in The Moor’s Last Sigh, while it is the issue of Kashmir that expects priority in Shalimar the Clown

The expressions of Ret/PTC and p53 in normal, benign and malignant thyroid lesions

Goiter is a highly prevalent problem in the local population. Studies at HUSM have found high percentage of papillary carcinoma within this lesion. Ret/PTC is a recently discovered oncogene which is solely related to papillary carcinoma. It has been proven to play a major role in the pathogenesis of this malignant lesion. P53 gene is a well known tumour suppressor gene, usually associated with the undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry is able to demonstrate p53 mutation in well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. This study aims to investigate the expression of ret and p53 in the local normal, benign and malignant thyroid lesions in order to shed light on the pathogenesis of papillary carcinoma and explain the high prevalence of this condition among the nodular hyperplasia ( multinodular goiter) cases. From the records of HUSM pathology department, archival blocks from 50 follicular adenomas, 66 nodular hyperplasia cases and 53 papillary carcinoma cases were retrieved. They were studied by immunohistochemistry method for the presence of ret/PTC and p53 mutant protein within the follicular cells. Normal thyroid tissues from 74 of the cases were utilized as controls. Ret/PTC is expressed by 5.4% of normal thyroid tissue, 18% of follicular adenomas, 22.7% of nodular hyperplasia cases and 71.7% of papillary carcinomas. There is no statistically significant difference of ret expression between pure nodular hyperplasia and the ones with coexisting papillary carcinoma

A Four-Unit-Cell Periodic Pattern of Quasiparticle States Surrounding Vortex Cores in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d

Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to image the additional quasiparticle states generated by quantized vortices in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d. They exhibit a Cu-O bond oriented 'checkerboard' pattern, with four unit cell (4a0) periodicity and a ~30 angstrom decay length. These electronic modulations may be related to the magnetic field-induced, 8a0 periodic, spin density modulations of decay length ~70 angstroms recently discovered in La1.84Sr0.16CuO4. The proposed explanation is a spin density wave localized surrounding each vortex core. General theoretical principles predict that, in the cuprates, a localized spin modulation of wavelength L should be associated with a corresponding electronic modulation of wavelength L/2, in good agreement with our observations.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

Dirac Quantization of Parametrized Field Theory

Parametrized field theory (PFT) is free field theory on flat spacetime in a diffeomorphism invariant disguise. It describes field evolution on arbitrary foliations of the flat spacetime instead of only the usual flat ones, by treating the `embedding variables' which describe the foliation as dynamical variables to be varied in the action in addition to the scalar field. A formal Dirac quantization turns the constraints of PFT into functional Schrodinger equations which describe evolution of quantum states from an arbitrary Cauchy slice to an infinitesimally nearby one.This formal Schrodinger picture- based quantization is unitarily equivalent to the standard Heisenberg picture based Fock quantization of the free scalar field if scalar field evolution along arbitrary foliations is unitarily implemented on the Fock space. Torre and Varadarajan (TV) showed that for generic foliations emanating from a flat initial slice in spacetimes of dimension greater than 2, evolution is not unitarily implemented, thus implying an obstruction to Dirac quantization. We construct a Dirac quantization of PFT,unitarily equivalent to the standard Fock quantization, using techniques from Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) which are powerful enough to super-cede the no- go implications of the TV results. The key features of our quantization include an LQG type representation for the embedding variables, embedding dependent Fock spaces for the scalar field, an anomaly free representation of (a generalization of) the finite transformations generated by the constraints and group averaging techniques. The difference between 2 and higher dimensions is that in the latter, only finite gauge transformations are defined in the quantum theory, not the infinitesimal ones.Comment: 33 page

Implementation of Peltier Cooling in Hermetically Sealed Electronic Packaging Unit for Sub-sea Vessel

This paper presents the methodology adopted for implementation of Peltier cooling in hermetically sealed electronic packaging units used in sub-sea vessels. In sub-sea vessels, sonar front-end electronics is packaged in hermetically sealed electronic packaging units. The thermal design of the unit is a highly challenging task considering the heat dissipation of 300W from the electronics, non-availability of chilled air for cooling and IP68 sealing requirements. Cooling fans cannot be integrated, since these units are to be placed in acoustically sensitive pressure capsule area of the subsea vessel. The electronic cooling in this unit is achieved using conduction cooling with external fins. To enhance the cooling, suitable Peltier cooling (Thermo-electric cooling or TEC) module is selected and implemented with the system. Computational fluid dynamic analysis of the unit is carried-out to study the air-flow and thermal performances with Peltier cooler. The unit is realised and the estimated temperatures validated by experimental temperature measurements on the realised unit. The measured temperatures are within the safe operating limits of the electronic components and hence the cooling design of the unit is satisfactory. It is also observed that maximum temperature reduction has occurred at 1.5A current and card edge temperature of Printed circuit board lowered by 9.28 °C by implementing Peltier cooling

Functional evolution of quantum cylindrical waves

Kucha{\v{r}} showed that the quantum dynamics of (1 polarization) cylindrical wave solutions to vacuum general relativity is determined by that of a free axially-symmetric scalar field along arbitrary axially-symmetric foliations of a fixed flat 2+1 dimensional spacetime. We investigate if such a dynamics can be defined {\em unitarily} within the standard Fock space quantization of the scalar field. Evolution between two arbitrary slices of an arbitrary foliation of the flat spacetime can be built out of a restricted class of evolutions (and their inverses). The restricted evolution is from an initial flat slice to an arbitrary (in general, curved) slice of the flat spacetime and can be decomposed into (i) `time' evolution in which the spatial Minkowskian coordinates serve as spatial coordinates on the initial and the final slice, followed by (ii) the action of a spatial diffeomorphism of the final slice on the data obtained from (i). We show that although the functional evolution of (i) is unitarily implemented in the quantum theory, generic spatial diffeomorphisms of (ii) are not. Our results imply that a Tomanaga-Schwinger type functional evolution of quantum cylindrical waves is not a viable concept even though, remarkably, the more limited notion of functional evolution in Kucha{\v{r}}'s `half parametrized formalism' is well-defined.Comment: Replaced with published versio

Checking Observational Purity of Procedures

Verifying whether a procedure is observationally pure is useful in many software engineering scenarios. An observationally pure procedure always returns the same value for the same argument, and thus mimics a mathematical function. The problem is challenging when procedures use private mutable global variables, e.g., for memoization of frequently returned answers, and when they involve recursion. We present a novel verification approach for this problem. Our approach involves encoding the procedure's code as a formula that is a disjunction of path constraints, with the recursive calls being replaced in the formula with references to a mathematical function symbol. Then, a theorem prover is invoked to check whether the formula that has been constructed agrees with the function symbol referred to above in terms of input-output behavior for all arguments. We evaluate our approach on a set of realistic examples, using the Boogie intermediate language and theorem prover. Our evaluation shows that the invariants are easy to construct manually, and that our approach is effective at verifying observationally pure procedures.Comment: FASE 201