Ecofog - Gagner en compétitivité et réduire les impacts environnementaux de la filière foie gras

On a worldwide scale, France is the leading producer of foie gras. To maintain this leadership, the sector must remain competitive and control its production costs while meeting specific societal and environmental expectations such as preservation of product quality, respect for animal welfare or limited use of natural resources. The aim of the project was to develop innovative production systems that would limit the impacts of feed and its surrounding practices on the competitiveness of the sector and the environment. An experimental approach was associated with a multi-criteria sustainability assessment (farm level), complemented by an analysis of production cost (farm level) and environmental impacts (product level). Two domains were studied: one related to feed, and the other related to ambient conditions during breeding and force-feeding. Several issues have been identified to progress. Reducing the amount of food distributed (-10%) appears as a possible solution to reduce feeding costs during rearing. The use of sorghum is also of interest but its use should be limited to the rearing phase. Lastly, semi-open air system, compared to open-air system, helps to improve IC (Consumption Index) and reduces animal heterogeneity and mortality. This project also provided original results related to the understanding of mechanisms involved in body temperature regulation of ducks on the one hand and on the other hand to LCA results of different innovations. Lastly, it contributed to the creation of two tools: one to drill ventilation ducts and another to calculate production costs. The results were disseminated to the professionals throughout the project in order to make all data available.À l’échelle mondiale, la France est le premier producteur de foie gras. Afin de conserver ce leadership, la filière doit rester compétitive et maîtriser ses coûts de production tout en répondant à des attentes sociétales et environnementales spécifiques telles que la préservation de la qualité des produits, le respect du bien-être animal ou la gestion économe des ressources. Le projet ECOFOG avait pour objectif de développer des systèmes de production innovants, permettant de limiter l’impact de l’alimentation des canards et des pratiques qui l’entourent pour gagner en compétitivité de la filière et diminuer l’impact environnemental de la filière. La démarche expérimentale a été associée à une démarche d’évaluation multicritère de la durabilité à l’échelle de l’atelier, complétée par une analyse des coûts de production à l’échelle de l’atelier et des impacts environnementaux à l’échelle du produit. Deux axes d’étude ont en particulier été développés : l’un autour de l’aliment, et l’autre autour des conditions d’ambiance en élevage et en gavage.Plusieurs pistes ont été identifiées pour progresser. La réduction de la quantité d’aliment distribué (-10%) est une solution possible pour réduire les coûts d'alimentation. L’utilisation de sorgho présente par ailleurs un intérêt environnemental mais son utilisation devrait être limitée à la phase d’élevage. En termes de bâtiments enfin, le système semi plein-air, comparé au système plein-air, contribue à améliorer l’IC (Indice de Consommation) et réduit les écarts de poids entre les animaux et la mortalité. Ce projet a permis d’obtenir des résultats originaux sur les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la température corporelle des canards. Il a aussi permis d’évaluer les impacts environnementaux de la production de foie gras, et d’analyser les conséquences des différents systèmes de production innovants sur les performances, les coûts et la durabilité de la production. Il a enfin contribué à la création de deux outils utiles pour la filière : un outil d’aide au perçage des gaines de ventilation en atelier de gavage et un outil de calcul du coût de production. Ces résultats ont été largement diffusés vers les professionnels afin de rendre l’ensemble de ces données disponibles

Machine milking parameters for Murciano-Granadina breed goats

[EN] In dairy ruminants, the combination of milking parameters must ensure good milking performance without harming udder conditions. Commonly, milking conditions for goats are established without having checked the admissible limits for optimal and fast milking. The aim of this study was to establish a limit combination of machine milking parameters that improves machine milking performance without altering milkability or udder status. To this end, we studied the effect of 2 combinations (42 kPa, 120 cpm, 60% vs. 44 kPa, 120 cpm, 60% in terms of kilopascals of vacuum level, cycles per minute of pulsator rate, and percentage of pulsator ratio, respectively) on milk production and composition, milk fractioning during milking, SCC, teat tissue thickness variation after milking, and the milk emission kinetics parameters throughout 1 lactation period (6 rno). The 42 and 44 kPa measured at the vacuum gauge level became average values of 37.5 and 39.3 kPa, respectively, measured at the teat sphincter level during milking. Milk flow significantly increased and total milking time decreased 25 s with the elevation of the vacuum level from 42 to 44 kPa without any adverse effect on milk fractioning at milking. However, the use of 44 kPa also showed an increase in tissue thickness above 5%, and we observed a tendency of average conductivity of milk to increase, although without any adverse effect on SCC. It seems that 44 kPa, 120 cpm, 60% is a possible limit combination of parameters to improve milking performance without altering milkability or udder conditions. We concluded that this combination can be used for milking Murciano-Granadina breed goats in conditions similar to those of this study (mid-level milking system and 1 milking/d), although further studies are necessary to verify its application in the case of 2 milkings/d.Fernández Martínez, N.; Martí Vicent, JV.; Rodríguez Garcia, M.; Peris Ribera, CJ.; Balasch Parisi, S. (2020). Machine milking parameters for Murciano-Granadina breed goats. Journal of Dairy Science. 103(1):507-513. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16446S5075131031Alejandro, M., Roca, A., Romero, G., & Díaz, J. R. (2014). Short communication: Effects of milk removal on teat tissue and recovery in Murciano-Granadina goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(8), 5012-5016. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-7934Ali, A. K. A., & Shook, G. E. (1980). An Optimum Transformation for Somatic Cell Concentration in Milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(3), 487-490. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(80)82959-6Blasco, E., Gomez, E. A., Vicente, C., Vidal, G., & Peris, C. (2016). Factors affecting milking speed in Murciano-Granadina breed goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(12), 10102-10108. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-10869BOE (Boletín Oficial del Estado). 2013. Real Decreto 53/2013, de 1 de febrero, por el que se establecen las normas básicas aplicables para la protección de los animales utilizados en experimentación y otros fines científicos, incluyendo la docencia.Delgado-Pertíñez, M., Guzmán-Guerrero, J. L., Mena, Y., Castel, J. M., González-Redondo, P., & Caravaca, F. P. (2009). Influence of kid rearing systems on milk yield, kid growth and cost of Florida dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research, 81(2-3), 105-111. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.007Díaz, J. R., Alejandro, M., Peris, C., & Fernández, N. (2013). Use of ultrasound scanning to estimate teat wall thickness in Murciano-Granadina goats. Livestock Science, 155(1), 114-122. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2013.04.007Díaz, J. R., Romero, G., Muelas, R., Alejandro, M., & Peris, C. (2012). Effect of intramammary infection on milk electrical conductivity in Murciano-Granadina goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(2), 718-726. doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4698Diaz, J. R., Romero, G., Muelas, R., Sendra, E., Pantoja, J. C. F., & Paredes, C. (2011). Analysis of the influence of variation factors on electrical conductivity of milk in Murciano-Granadina goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(8), 3885-3894. doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4187Fernández, N., Martínez, A., Martí, J. V., Rodríguez, M., & Peris, C. (2015). Milkability and milking efficiency improvement in Murciano-Granadina breed goats. Small Ruminant Research, 126, 68-72. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.03.001Gil, Z. (1988). Milk temperature fluctuations during milking in cows with subclinical mastitis. Livestock Production Science, 20(3), 223-231. doi:10.1016/0301-6226(88)90074-7Hamann, J., Mein, G. A., & Nipp, B. (1996). Recommended method for measuring changes in thickness of the bovine teat with spring-loaded calipers. Journal of Dairy Research, 63(2), 309-313. doi:10.1017/s0022029900031800Hamzaoui, S., Salama, A. A. K., Albanell, E., Such, X., & Caja, G. (2013). Physiological responses and lactational performances of late-lactation dairy goats under heat stress conditions. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(10), 6355-6365. doi:10.3168/jds.2013-6665Isaksson, A., & Lind, O. (1992). Teat Reactions in Cows Associated With Machine Milking*. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 39(1-10), 282-288. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.1992.tb00184.xLE DU, J., BENMEDERBEL, B., DANO, Y., COMBAUD, J. F., & TESSONNIÈRE, R. (1984). Aptitude des chèvres de race Saanen à la traite mécanique. Relations avec les caractéristiques physiques du trayon. Annales de Zootechnie, 33(3), 375-384. doi:10.1051/animres:19840307Peris, S., Caja, G., Such, X., Casals, R., Ferret, A., & Torre, C. (1997). Influence of Kid Rearing Systems on Milk Composition and Yield of Murciano-Granadina Dairy Goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(12), 3249-3255. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76299-4Requena, R., Balasch, S., Peris, C., Rodríguez, M., & Fernández, N. (2010). Dose response of lactating dairy ewes during suckling and milking to bovine somatotropin1. Journal of Animal Science, 88(9), 3136-3144. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2690Zecconi, A., Hamann, J., Bronzo, V., & Ruffo, G. (1992). Machine-induced teat tissue reactions and infection risk in a dairy herd free from contagious mastitis pathogens. Journal of Dairy Research, 59(3), 265-271. doi:10.1017/s002202990003054

Effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on thermal heat acclimatization in finishing male pigs

International audiencePigs subjected to beat stress decrease their feed intake that causes important economie losses. The objectives of the experiment were to determine the effects of dietaty live yeast supplementation (without or with Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1 079) on energy metabolism of finish ing boars (n= 1 0) at thermoneutrality or du ring beat stress challenge in respiration chamber. Nitrogen and energy balances were measured individually during three periods of 7, 7 and 6 days with ambient temperature of 22, 28 and 28 °C, respectively. Dietary live yeast supplementation increased dty matter intake from 2.29 to 2.65 kg/d, whereas beat stress decreased feed intake. These variations were associated with an increased number of meals when diet was supplemented (6.8 vs 5.5 meals/day) and a significantly increased eating speed of the control diet between periods 1, 2 and 3. Metabolisable energy intake was higher when diet was supplemented whereas total beat production was not affected. Finally, energy retention was higber with dietary live yeast supplementation but tended to decrease when ambient temperature increased

TRAITE A LA MACHINE DES CHÈVRES. COMPARAISON DE DEUX RAPPORTS DE PULSATION ET EFFICACITÉ DE LA PRÉPARATION DE LA MAMELLE AVANT LA TRAITE

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Dynamics of thermal heat acclimatization in force-fed ducks

During force-feeding period, Mule ducks received increasing amounts of feed to force steatosis of the liver. The intensive lipogenesis is associated with high amount of energy to export as heat. The effects of ambient temperature on heat production and energy metabolism were tested on Mule ducks housed in an open-circuit respiration chamber. The metabolizable energy intake tended to be lower when ambient temperature was higher than 22 °C whereas total heat production was lower when ambient temperature was lower than 15 °C or higher than 22 °C, because ducks have reached their maximal ability of heat vaporization even at the lowest ambient temperature. Alternating periods of intense lipogenesis after the meal with periods of resting metabolism helps the ducks to adapt to high ambient temperature

EFFETS DE LA SUPPRESSION DE LA TRAITE DU DIMANCHE SOIR SUR LES BREBIS DE RACE PRÉALPES DU SUD

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Effects of dietary supplementation with spirulina and chlorella on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health of weaned piglets

International audienceIntroduction. Digestive disorders are a major cause of morbidity in weanling piglets. Chlorellaand spirulina microalgae have been studied in adult humans because of their antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, but information is scarce on their effect on health in young animals. Materials and Methods. A total of 96 weaned piglets were used in a 5-week feeding trial to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with chlorella or spirulina on growth, nutrient digestibility, microbiota, and gut health. Piglets were allocated to one of four dietary treatments according to body weight and gender: i) negative control weaning diet without antibiotics (NC); ii) NC+1% chlorella (C); iii) NC+1% spirulina (S); iv) NC+0.02% colistin as a positive control (PC). Piglets received the experimental diet from 28 to 42 d of age, followedby a standard diet.Results and Discussion. Compared to NC, microalgae inclusion did not modify average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed ratio. There was no effect of treatment on apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients or on the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the digestive tract. Piglets in group C had the lowest incidence of diarrhea (P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of haptoglobin at 42 d of age did not differ among groups. Villus height at 42 d of age in the jejunum was greater (P<0.05) for piglets receiving diets C and S than for those receiving diet PC. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with microalgae could help protecting the digestive tract of weaned piglets, but the mechanisms of action remain to be identified

Influence du nombre de corps jaunes sur la libération d'ocytocine lutéale, le transfert du lait alvéolaire dans la citerne et la production laitière chez la brebis

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