A reconsideration of the risk sensitivity of U.S. banking organization subordinated debt spreads: a sample selection approach

The authors estimate a sample selection model over three distinct regulatory "regimes" when the treatment of bank bondholders (in the event of bank failures) differed substantially. They then estimate their selection model to test the strength of bond market discipline over these three regulatory regimes, finding that bank bond spreads are positively associated with bank risk measures during all three regimes, even during the too-big-to-fail period.Bank assets ; Debt management ; Banks and banking - Ratio analysis ; Deposit insurance

Perceptions of future developments in the European Union

Political Science; European Unio

Reconocimiento y aprendizaje servicio

El reconocimiento entendido como proceso de dar valor y comunicárselo a la persona en formación es una elemento educativo fundamental. Obtener reconocimiento es imprescindible para construir la propia identidad y desarrollar competencias para la vida. Es posible reconocer a las personas en formación en cualquier situación educativa, pero hay actividades, como el aprendizaje servicio, que por su naturaleza facilitan el reconocimiento, así como la programación de actos explícitamente destinados a comunicarlo. A partir de la observación de experiencias, se establecen las características de los actos de reconocimiento y se muestra su variabilidad. A continuación se analizan las fuentes de esa variabilidad: los modos de entrelazar el reconocimiento con los procesos de reflexión y evaluación; los miembros de la comunidad participantes en los actos -educadores, representantes de entidades, receptores del servicio y administraciones-; y finalmente las tareas que se llevan a cabo en los actos de reconocimiento -identificar, valorar, simbolizar, agradecer y celebrar- y los modos de concretar esas tareas. Con la información obtenida se pretende está en disposición de idear mejores actos de reconocimiento

Modulation of intra-epithelial expansion of human T24 bladder-carcinoma cells in murine urothelium by growth factors and extracellular-matrix components

The high recurrence rate of bladder cancer is probably due to an efficient repopulation of the bladder by residual transformed cells after resection of the tumour. However, the regenerating capacity of the normal urothelial cells is very high. To study the balance between regenerating normal urothelium and outgrowth of transformed urothelial cells, we recently developed an in vitro co-cultivation model. With this model system we studied the effects of growth factors and extracellular-matrix components on the intra-epithelial expansion of human T24 bladder-carcinoma cells in primary mouse-bladder explants. Exposure of the cultures to acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and laminin led to a dramatic increase in the number of invasive T24 cells into the primary urothelium. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and collagen types I and IV counteracted the infiltration of individual T24 cells. EGF, aFGF, laminin and collagen types I and IV did not directly affect the migration and proliferation of T24 cells. Apparently, the efficacy of invasion of transformed urothelial cells into primary urothelium is not only dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of the transformed cells, but can be influenced to a considerable extent by exogenous components exerting their influence on the normal urothelium. The clinical relevance of this observation needs to be studied further

Cada curso un aprendizaje-servicio

El artículo estudia el proceso que han seguido tres centros educativos -el IES Eduard Fontseré, el centro de formación profesional Solc Nou y la Escuela de Educación Especial Xaloc- para conseguir ofrecer a todo su alumnado al menos una experiencia de aprendizaje-servicio cada curso escolar. En los tres casos la implantación masiva de la metodología del aprendizaje-servicio ha supuesto un cambio profundo en el centro que les ha permitido mejorar sus resultados e incrementar su satisfacción como docentes. Con una metodología etnográfica -entrevistas, observación y análisis de documentación- se han descrito las claves que explican cómo implantar en todos los cursos de un centro la metodología del aprendizaje-servicio

E-cadherin promotes intraepithelial expansion of bladder carcinoma cells in an in vitro model of carcinoma in situ

High-grade transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the urinary bladder are frequently associated with carcinoma in situ, which may replace large areas of the mucosa of the urinary tract. The invasive component of TCCs often reveals a loss of expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin, but the role of E-cadherin in the development and expansion of intraepithelial neoplasia is unknown. To study the underlying mechanism of intraepithelial expansion (IEE), we have developed an IEE assay. Human TCC cell lines were investigated in this IEE assay for their capacity to replace the surrounding normal murine urothelial cells. In vitro IEE appeared to be prominent in three (SD, RT112, and 1207) of the four E-cadherin-positive cell lines. Although the two E-cadherin-negative cell lines (T24 and J82) were able to penetrate surrounding normal urothelium as single cells, they largely lacked the capacity of IEE. These results prompted us to investigate whether the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin is an important determinant for IEE. T24 cells that were transfected with full-length mouse E-cadherin cDNA displayed an enhanced IEE rate. Transfection did not influence their proliferative capacity, their pattern and level of integrin expression, or their ability to expand in the absence of surrounding urothelium. The data suggest that E-cadherin-mediated cohesiveness is an important factor in the IEE of bladder carcinoma cells. These observations argue for a dual, paradoxical role of E-cadherin in bladder tumorigenesis. On the one hand, E-cadherin promotes the expansion of intraepithelial neoplasia; on the other hand, its loss correlates with invasive behavior

The service learning values map

[spa] A pesar de que la bibliografía especializada reconoce el aprendizaje-servicio como una metodologíarelevante de educación en valores, no se dispone todavía de una relación suficientemente completa dela pluralidad de valores que activa. El objetivo de este artículo es construir un mapa fiable de los valores quepropone esta metodología. Para conseguirlo se definirán los niveles de aprendizaje que se superponen en una práctica educativa compleja y luego se determinarán los valores que se trabajan en cada uno de los niveles de la práctica del aprendizaje-servicio. Para conseguirlo se ha realizado un trabajo de reconstrucción racional basado en la optimización recíproca conseguida entre una selección de buenas experiencias de aprendizaje-servicio y la teoría de las prácticas morales y del aprendizaje-servicio. Esta metodología ha permitido establecer tres niveles simultáneos de aprendizaje la práctica, las acciones y las tareas así como un elenco de los valores que cristalizan en cada uno de ellos: un mapa completo de la variedad y riqueza de valores que se ponen en juego en el aprendizaje-servicio. Un resultado que, en los procesos de formación del profesorado, ayudará a tomar conciencia de la fuerza moral de esta metodología y a activarla durante su desempeño profesional.[eng] Despite the fact that the specialized bibliography recognizes service learning as a relevant methodology for values education, a sufficiently complete list of the plurality of values that it activates, is not yet available. The objective of this article is to build a reliable map of the values that service learning proposes. In order to achieve it, the levels of learning that overlap in a complex educational practice will be defined and then the values that works at each level of service-learning practices will be determined. To achieve this, a rational reconstruction work based on the reciprocal optimization achieved between a selection of good service-learning experiences and the theory of moral practices and service learning has been carried out. This methodology has allowed us to establish three simultaneous levels of learning —practice, actions and tasks— as well as a list of the values that crystallize in each of them: a complete map of the variety and richness of values that are put into play in service learning. A result that, in the processes of teacher training, will help to raise awareness of the moral strength of this methodology and to activate it during their professional performance

Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of joint inflammation and flare-up reactions induced by cloned MT4+, Lyt-2-T cells

Abstract This report describes the histological and immunohistochemical characterization of joint inflammations and flare-up reactions in mice induced by cloned MT4+, Lyt-2− T cells. The T-cell clone used was specific for the antigen methylated bonne serum albumin (mBSA) and was inoculated locally into a joint together with the antigen. The histological examination was performed in methylmethacrylate sections, and the various cell types were quantified m distinct regions of the knee joint. The infiltrates consisted predominantly or granulocytes admixed with small numbers of histiocytes. Few lymphocytes were present, while plasma cells were not found. Fibrosis was prominent in the later stages of the inflammation. Immunohistochemical analysis of total unfixed, non-decalcified sections using monoclonal antibodies revealed the presence of T cells which were predominantly of the helper phenotype. sporadic B cells, and a considerable number of la-positive cells. Macrophages were scattered throughout the infiltrate. The synovial lining was shown to express Ia antigens and to contain cells that stained with macrophage markers Cell clusters were found including helper T (Th) cells, some B cells, and Ia-positive cells. These results are in line with immunohistological examinations in other arthritis models and resemble the early events in human rheumatoid arthritis. The data indicate that activated helper T cells are required and sufficient to give rise to the inflammatory infiltrates that are characteristic of the inflammations and exacerbations in human rheumatoid arthritis