Milk production of imported Braunvieh, Holstein and Brown Swiss cows in the tropical lowlands of Bolivia

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Schoenus nigricans (Cyperaceae) xerophytic grasslands on the NE Adriatic islands Cres and Krk (Croatia)

Several xerophytic grasslands on the NE Adriatic islands Cres and Krk (Croatia) are dominated by tussock-forming Schoenus nigricans (Cyperaceae). All vegetation types reported are characterised by the degradation of the vegetation cover due to grazing. Phytosociologically, the vegetation is classified as the Danthonio-Scorzoneretum villosae subass. schoenetosum nigricantis H-i} 57 of the Scorzonerion villosae H-i} 49 alliance within the order Scorzonero-Chrysopogonetalia, but partly shows transitions to the Bromo-Chrysopogonetum grylli H-i} 60.We differentiated three variants: more xerophytic sites (on Cres), sites characterised by alternating soil humidity (mainly on Krk), and advanced succession stages. Physiognomically all variants are dominated by Schoenus nigricans tussocks, which are fostered by sheep grazing and the summer-dry conditions on the compacted soils. Comparison with Central European more humid habitats suggests the hypothesis of an ecotypic differentiation of Schoenus nigricans within its European distribution area

Co-transport-induced instability of membrane voltage in tip-growing cells

A salient feature of stationary patterns in tip-growing cells is the key role played by the symports and antiports, membrane proteins that translocate two ionic species at the same time. It is shown that these co-transporters destabilize generically the membrane voltage if the two translocated ions diffuse differently and carry a charge of opposite (same) sign for symports (antiports). Orders of magnitude obtained for the time and lengthscale are in agreement with experiments. A weakly nonlinear analysis characterizes the bifurcation

Milk production in India of imported and local born Braunvieh cows

International audienc

Venture Capital Booms and Startup Financing

We review the growing literature on the relationship between venture capital booms and startup financing, focusing on three broad areas: First, we discuss the drivers of large inflows into the venture capital asset class, particularly in recent years -- which are related to but also distinct from macroeconomic business cycles and stock market fluctuations. Second, we review the emerging literature on the real effects of venture capital financing booms. A particular focus of this work is to highlight the potential impact that booms (and busts) can have on the types of firms that VCs choose to fund and terms at which they are funded, independent of investment opportunities -- thereby shaping the trajectory of innovation being conducted by startups. Third, an important insight from recent research is that booms in venture capital financing are not just a temporal phenomenon but can also be seen in terms of the concentration of VC investment in certain industries and geographies. We also review the role of government policy, exploring the degree to which it can explain the concentration of VC funding in the US over the past forty years in just two broad areas – information and communication technologies (ICT) and biotechnology. We conclude by highlighting promising areas of further research