Ispitivanje uticaja infekcije salonelama na pojavu kampilobakterioze kod pilića u eksperimentalnim uslovima

Meat, table eggs and their products are very important in human nutrition. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health status of commercial flocks as much as the quality of poultry products in the food chain. Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella sp. are widely distributed in nature. The influence of these bacteria on animal health depends on the immune response. If animals are not immunologicaly compromised, the infection is latent and clinical symptoms are absent. Unlike animals, these bacteria cause serious diseases in humans and the morbidity is quite high. The main transfer of infection to humans is via poultry products. The goal of this work was to study the role of Salmonella in artificially infected chickens onto the outcome of clinical campylobacteriosis. It is certain that salmonella infection in poultry damages the immune system of chickens, enabling Campylobacter to multiply and subsequently induce a disease. Three groups of chickens were included in the experiment. The first group received a suspension of field strain of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). The second group received an inoculum prepared from the field isolate of Campylobacter jejuni and the third group received the field isolate of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, only. In artificially infected chickens Campylobacter and Salmonella were confirmed by isolation and identification according to morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. Humoral immune response of infected chickens was monitored using the complement fixation test (CFT). In chickens infected with C. jejuni and S. Enteritidis the clinical symptoms were recorded. The results from this experiment show that salmonella infection damages the immune system of the chickens enabling Campylobacter to alter the health status of the host.Značajno mesto u ishrani ljudi zauzimaju meso i jaja živine, kao i različiti proizvodi od mesa i jaja. Kontinuirana kontrola zdravstvenog statusa živine u lancu proizvodnje jednako je važna kao i kontrola njihovih proizvoda namenjenih za ishranu ljudi. Uzročnici poput kampilobakterija i salmonela široko su rasprostranjeni. u prirodi. Uticaj ovih bakterija na zdravlje životinja zavisi od imunskog statusa jedinki i u većini slučajeva kod imunološki nekompromitovanih jedinki infekcija ovim bakterijama ne dovodi do kliničkih simptoma. Za razliku od životinja, kod ljudi ove bakterije dovode do ozbiljnih kliničkih simptoma sa pojavom morbiditeta u visokom procentu. Njihovo prisustvo u proizvodima od živine, predstavlja jedan od glavnih puteva prenošenja ovih patogena koji izazivaju bolesti ljudi putem hrane. U ovom radu, ispitivanje je imalo za cilj da se kod živine veštački inficirane salmonelom ispita njen uticaj na kliničko ispoljavanje kampilobakterioze. Sigurno je da infekcija živine salmonelom utiče na imunološki sistem dovodeći do njegovog iscrpljivanja i opterećenosti što će omogućiti kampilobakterijama da se umnože do one mere kada će se pojaviti klinički znaci i razviti kampilobakterioza. U eksperimentalnim uslovima ispitivanje je izvedeno na tri grupe od po 30 pilića. Prvoj grupi je peroralno inokulisana suspenzija terenskih izolata Campylobacter jejuni i Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis; drugoj grupi peroralno je inokulisana suspenzija terenskog izolata Campylobacter jejuni i trećoj grupi peroralno je inokulisana suspenzija terenskog izolata Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Prisustvo Campylobacter jejuni i Salmonella Enteritidis u organizmu veštački inficiranih pilića potvrđeno je reizolacijom uzročnika, a identifikacija izolovanih bakterija vršena je na osnovu njihovih morfoloških, kulturelnih i biohemijskih osobina. Imunološki odgovor inficirane živine i titar specifičnih antitela, kao i kretanje humoralnog imunskog odgovora na antigene Campylobacter jejuni kod eksperimentalnih pilića, praćeno je primenom reakcije vezivanja komplementa. Kod pilića inficiranih sojem Campylobacter jejuni i Salmonella Enteritidis uočeni su klinički znaci bolesti. Titar specifičnih antitela na C. jejuni u serumu inficiranih pilića utvrđen je reakcijom vezivanja komplementa (RVK). Rezultati ispitivanja su ukazali da infekcija salmonelama utiče na imunološki sistem pilića i tako stvara uslove da kampilobakterije naruše zdravstveno stanje domaćina

Correlation between the limit values of laboratory and clinical mycotoxicosis

Analysis of feed for the presence of fungi and mycotoxins is a request necessary to meet in order to ensure a healthy and economical production in livestock. These tests are related to legal regulation which prescribes the maximum legislated content (MLC), both for the presence of mycotoxins and the total number of fungi in certain feeds. Health problems that can occur during the production of animals are sometimes caused by the presence of mycotoxins in the feed. Laboratory testing is a good practice to confirm a suspicion, and allows timely treatment of contaminated feed. Potential problems arise under circumstances when there is a clinical outcome of mycotoxicosis and animal and laboratory findings suggest that the obtained values are below the level that is within the MLC. For these reasons, the subject of our research was to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins and mold in feed, as well as the clinical presentation for animals that were fed with the feed with allowed values of these agents according to the recommended levels. The aim of this paper was to highlight the problems associated with clinical correlation of sick animals and laboratory findings, and suggest their overcoming. In the period of one year, a total of 176 samples of feed (complete mixture for broilers, corn and soy products) were examined for the presence of fungi, 106 samples were examined for the presence of mycotoxins and 26 flocks of broilers and turkeys were clinically observed. Standard methods were used for isolation of molds and the ELISA test was used for the detection of mycotoxins. Clinical and pathomorphological observation of the flocks was done to determine the natural indicators of production. Studies indicated a problem because clinical and pathomorphological findings in some cases were not correlated with laboratory findings of molds and mycotoxins in the feed, and in some cases it did not necessarily mean that the animals were healthy. Synergism and cumulative effects of mycotoxins, on the one hand, and the characteristics of each species and product category on the other hand, can create specific circumstances that can lead to disease and can increase even though the values prescribed by legislation have been met. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 031071

wild birds in Serbia during 2012: first isolation and characterisation of WNV strains from Serbia

Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) infection i

Clinical and laboratory investigation of experimentaly infected broilers with CIAV

Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is widespread viral disease in countries with the intensive poultry industry. In susceptible birds CIAV causes anemia subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhages, lymphoid tissue atrophy immunosuppression, cachexia and increased mortality. Protection of progeny relies not only on age resistance but also on maternally delivered antibodies (Mabs) so possessing the information on level and persistence of Mabs is of great significance. In our study experimental infection with CIAV was performed on one and seven days old broiler chickens from naturally infected parent flock during the rearing period. In infected birds, clinical signs hematological findings and humoral immune response were examined. After euthanasia, we looked for specific pathomorphological and histopathological changes that indicate the presence of CIAV infection. In all one and seven days old chickens maternally derived antibodies were established. No clinical signs of CIA were observed, hematological findings showed no deviation from referent values, and there were no specific pathomorphological and histopathological changes at postmortem examination. According to previous knowledge, only serological negative flock if infected in time of laying represent risk for vertical transmission to progeny where typical disease with mortality will appear. The absence of Mabs in one day old chickens is critical point in break of disease. Typical clinical picture in day old chickens rises only when vertical transmission occurs

Dermatomycosis: Conditions that contribute to the disease development

Skin lesions caused by dermatophytes are classified depending on the infected skin structure: surface layer of cutis, fur layer, clutches or nails. Surface mycoses are caused by dermatophytes: Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton species (also important are Malassezia spp., Candida spp., and Trichosporon). Skin is the target tissue for fungal infections if the epithelial layer is damaged and immune system cannot cope with the infection, or if the conditions are favorable for dermatophytes, which spread in the cutis due to the enzyme activities. Dermatophytes can be found on skin surface if they contaminate or colonize epidermis or hair follicles. However, clinical symptoms of lesion on the skin are sometimes absent. According to the literature data 6-9% of skin lesions are caused by dermatophyte in human medicine. Similar situation is in veterinary medicine. Fungus that cause dermatomycosis are widespread in the nature and could be divided into: zoophilic, geophilic and anthrophilic. The goal of this paper is to present the latest knowledge in pathogenesis on dermatomycosis, predisposing factors important for the outcome of the disease, and immunological reaction of organism to the fungal infection. Our intention is to summarize the subject and present the facts related to specific problems in dermatomycosis

Investigation of dissemination of aspergillosis in poultry and possible control measures

Fungi belonging to genus Aspegillus are ubiquitous saprophytic microorganisms which are, in certain circumstances, responsible for clinical infections of respiratory tract in all poultry, particularly in young birds. In case of a lung form, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger and A. glaucus are the most frequently isolated fungi. In general, poultry is constantly exposed to these fungi in its environment. Predisposing factors, such as long exposition and highly contaminated environment and litter, high humidity in poultry houses, poor ventilation, malnutrition and stress, all contribute to clinical aspergillosis. Some geographic and seasonal regularities are observed in relation to the distribution of disease outbreaks. In this sense, cases of aspergillosis in our country were more frequently noted in wild areas located northern from the rivers Sava and Danube. Influence of some factors on the outbreak and spreading, as well as predominant clinical features of aspergillosis in poultry were investigated in this paper. Possible prophylactic and intervention measures were discussed. The occurrence of Aspergillus sp. in poultry was analyzed according to the clinical and laboratory investigations performed during the two selected years, 2000 and 2010. Widespread aspergillosis was noted in poultry flocks of different age, both in young and adult birds. During the years 2000 and 2010, acute aspergillosis was found in 12 and 16 commercial flocks of chickens and turkeys, respectively. Ocular infection with Aspergillus was determined in 10 day old broilers from two flocks. Aspergillus sp. was isolated from unhatched eggs (6.86%), litter (23.07%), environmental (36.17%) and hatchery swabs (3.85%). Besides the appropriate antifungal therapy, enforcement of proper sanitary-hygiene measures on poultry farms and hatcheries, as well as microbiological control of feed are considered essential for an efficient control of infection and its spreading

Chromosome changes in cattle on the farms in Serbia

In the paper we presented five-year investigations of numeric and structural changes in cattle karyotype on five farms and two centers for reproduction in Serbia. There were 371 breeding animals (215 male and 156 female), out of which 267 Holstein Friesian breed (193 male and 74 female), 62 Simmental (17 male and 45 female) and 42 Grey Steppe breed (5 male and 37 female). Cultivating of lymphocytes and karyotype analyses, according to the international standards for karyotypization of domestic animals, were applied. The aim of the investigation was to test genetic material on chromosome level of animals introduced into reproduction. The following changes were discovered in the karyotype: 6 animals of Holstein-Friesian breed were with chimeras 2n=60XX/XY and there was one Robertson's translocation in Simmental breed. Structural changes as breakage and a ring were discovered in two animals of Holstein-Friesian and Simmental breed raised in the area of bombing in Serbia. The animals of Grey Steppe breed had normal karyotype. There is a total of 9 animals with changes (2.42%), while 362 were with normal karyotype, total 97.57%. According to the results, it may be concluded that cytogenetical attestation of the breeding animals will have to be continued for the purpose of protecting the genofond on cattle farms

Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) infection in wild birds in Serbia during 2012 First isolation and characterisation of WNV strains from Serbia

West Nile virus (WNV), a neurovirulent mosquitotransmissible zoonotic virus, has caused recent outbreaks in Europe, including Serbia from August until October 2012. Although humans can be infected, birds are the main natural WNV reservoir. To assess WNV circulation in northern Serbia, 133 wild birds were investigated. These comprised resident and migratory birds, collected between January and September 2012 in the Vojvodina province. The birds belonged to 45 species within 27 families. Blood sera (n=92) and pooled tissues from respective birds (n=81) were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). WNV antibodies were detected in seven (8%) sera four from Mute Swans (Cygnus olor), two from White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicillas), and one from a Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). Five sera neutralised WNV but not Usutu virus. For the first time in Serbia, WNV RNA was detected by RT-qPCR in pooled tissue samples of eight respective birds. WNV RNA was also derived from an additional bird, after a serum sample resulted infective in cell culture. The total nine WNV RNA positive birds included three Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), two White-tailed Eagles, one Legged Gull (Larus michahelis), one Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix), one Bearded Parrot-bill (Panarus biramicus), and one Common Pheasant. Phylogenetic analysis of partial E region sequences showed the presence of, at least, two lineage 2 Serbian clusters closely related to those responsible for recent human and animal outbreaks in Greece, Hungary and Italy. Full genomic sequence from a goshawk isolate corroborated this data. These results confirm WNV circulation in Serbia and highlight the risk of infection for humans and horses, pointing to the need for implementing WNV surveillance programmes

Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157

behalf of the Outbreak Control Team Research articles Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) infection in wild birds in Serbia during 2012: first isolation and characterisation of WNV strains from Serbia