Diabetes mellitus: Complex interplay between metformin, AKI and lactic acidosis.

Debate exists regarding the safety of metformin and the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis, particularly in the setting of kidney dysfunction. Data from two studies examining the interplay between metformin, acute kidney injury, and complications including lactic acidosis suggest that metformin should be used conservatively in patients with kidney dysfunction

The Iranian female high school students' attitude towards people with HIV/AIDS: a cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has become an important public health hazard in Iran. It is believed that AIDS-related knowledge does not necessarily translate into behavior modification. Hence, it has been suggested that culturally appropriate educational campaigns should be implemented to obtain satisfactory outcomes. Here, we evaluated the female high school students' attitude towards HIV/AIDS in Tabriz, Iran to assess the cultural needs for the related educational programs and to discover sources of information about AIDS.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Anonymous, self-administered questionnaires were filled by the young female students. Among 300 students, 91% agreed that being an HIV carrier should not be an obstacle to obtaining education and employment. Moreover, 72.5% of the students declared that the community should be informed of HIV-positive people. In addition, one-tenth declared that they would feel extremely uncomfortable towards their HIV infected classmate. In addition, only 16% of the students stated that they would continue to shop at HIV infected grocer's store. The mass media and the experts were the major source and the most reliable source of information about AIDS, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Tabrizian female students have overall negative attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS related educational campaigns should target the students, society and the families with emphasizing the leading roles of health staff.</p

2D mixed hybrid FEM of lanir model

Osmoelastic media have large negatively charged groups attached to the solid matrix. Due to the fixed charges, the total ion concentration inside the medium is higher than in the surrounding fluid. This excess of ion particles leads to an osmotic pressure difference, which causes swelling of the medium. Lanir's osmoelastic model assumes that small ions are always in equilibrium with the external salt concentration. This means that ion contribution is neglected and the medium is described by two constituents only: the solid and the fluid. In this paper, we implemented Lanir model using MHFEM (Mixed Hybrid Finite Element Method) for consolidation experiment in both 1D and 2D cases, with result verification with analytical solution in 1D. The constituents are assumed to be incompressible. Infinitesimal deformations are assumed. The material is linear elastic, isothermal, isotropic, homogeneous and fully saturated.</p