Targeted T cell receptor gene editing provides predictable T cell product function for immunotherapy.

Adoptive transfer of T cells expressing a transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) has the potential to revolutionize immunotherapy of infectious diseases and cancer. However, the generation of defined TCR-transgenic T cell medicinal products with predictable in vivo function still poses a major challenge and limits broader and more successful application of this "living drug." Here, by studying 51 different TCRs, we show that conventional genetic engineering by viral transduction leads to variable TCR expression and functionality as a result of variable transgene copy numbers and untargeted transgene integration. In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TCR replacement enables defined, targeted TCR transgene insertion into the TCR gene locus. Thereby, T cell products display more homogeneous TCR expression similar to physiological T cells. Importantly, increased T cell product homogeneity after targeted TCR gene editing correlates with predictable in vivo T cell responses, which represents a crucial aspect for clinical application in adoptive T cell immunotherapy

The Business-to-Business Customer Experience : an Aggregated Company Experience Based on Multiple Department and Employee Journeys

In recent years, customer experience has been viewed as a main driver of business success and competitive advantage. A positive customer experience can elicit strong effects on marketing variables, such as customer satisfaction, loyalty or word-of-mouth. Although originally, customer experiences were thought to exist only in immersive contexts, such as amusement parks or leisure activities, everyday services such as retail, banking and telecommunications later came to be viewed as driven by active management of customer experiences as well. However, most customer experience approaches in research focussed on consumer experiences, while a business-customer perspective rarely was taken into account. Against this background this article offers insights on how existing knowledge on respective B2B characteristics can be translated into a customer experience context. In addition, this article investigates whether B2C customer experience knowledge can inspire new B2B insights