Usia Onset Pertama Penderita Skizofrenik Pada Laki Laki dan Perempuan Yang Berobat Ke Badan Layanan Umum Daerah Rumah Sakit Jiwa Propinsi Sumatera Utara

Latar Belakang Penelitian : National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) melaporkan penderita skizofrenik antara laki- laki dan wanita berbeda dalam onset pertama timbulnya serangan. Laki-laki mempunyai onset skizofrenik yang lebih awal dari pada wanita. Usia puncak serangan pertama untuk laki-laki adalah 15-25 tahun, untuk wanita usia puncak adalah 25-35 tahun, tetapi menurut Buchanan et al (2000) , perbedaan usia onset tersebut pada laki-laki 17-27 tahun dan pada wanita 17-37 tahun. Penelitian lain (Kaplan dan Sadock’s, 2001) mengatakan usia onset umumnya lebih banyak antara 15-35 tahun (50% di bawah umur 25 tahun), sementara menurut Meltzer et al (2000) rata-rata usia untuk pasien wanita adalah 25 tahun dengan antara 15-30 tahun. Untuk pasien laki-laki rata-rata 20 tahun dengan antara 10-24 tahun, dan Africa B et al (2000) mengatakan onset yang cepat sebelum pubertas dan lambat setelah umur 46 tahun. Skizofrenik onset anak sangat jarang pada usia yang sangat dini ( 6 tahun) tetapi insidensinya meningkat dan menetap pada usia 12-14 tahun. Berbagai penelitian mengenai usia onset skizofrenik telah dilakukan, tetapi berapa usia onset pertama skizofrenik di Indonesia belum diketahui meskipun kasus-kasus skizofrenik sering ditemukan. Peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui usia onset pertama penderita skizofrenik khususnya di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Daerah Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Objek : Untuk mengetahui usia onsert pertama penderita skizofrenik pada laki-laki dan perempuan yang berobat ke Badan  Layanan  Umum  Daerah  (BLUD)  Rumah  Sakit  Jiwa  Propinsi  Sumatera  Utara  dan  untuk  mengetahui perbandingan usia onset pertama penderita skizofrenik berdasarkan jenis kelamin. Metodologi : Suatu penelitian Cross Sectional analitik yang dilakukan terhadap seluruh penderita skizofrenik yang datang berobat ke instalasi rawat jalan BLUD Rumah Sakit Jiwa Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Hasil : Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari data responden yang berjumlah 400 orang didapatkan hasil: usia onset pertama penderita skizofrenik yang terbanyak pada umur antara 21-25 tahun yaitu 100 (25%), suku batak 242 orang (60,5%), pendidikan SMU 164 orang (40,9%), status tidak kawin 271 (67,8%), tidak bekerja 325 (81,23%), dan kebanyakan berada diluar Medan 214 (53,5%) dan usia onset pertama penderita skizofrenik berdasarkan jenis kelamin untuk jenis kelamin laki-laki adalah 21-25 tahun (31%), sedangkan untuk perempuan 26-30 (20,5%). Kesimpulan : Ada perbedaan usia onset pertama pada penderita skizofrenik pada laki-laki dan perempuan yang berobat ke BLUD Rumah Sakit Jiwa Propinsi Sumatera Utara

Percobaan Pemberantasan Hospes Perantara Schistosomiasis (Oncomelania Hupensis Lindoensis) dengan Bayluscide dan Kombinasi Pengeringan dengan Bayluscide di Dataran Lindu, Sulawesi Tengah

Two trials were conducted in the Anca and Paku areas of the Lindu valley, Central Sulawesi against the schistosomiasis intermediate host Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. The trials were conducted in sequence. Application of bayluscide monthly at 10-40 ppm for one year suppressed 50% of the snail population density in Anca and 23% in Paku. Application of bayluscide monthly at 10-40 ppm com­bined with installing drainage canals following the above mentioned trials reduced the snail population density in Anca 61% and 94% in Paku

Status Of Brugian Filariasis Research In Indonesia And Future Studies

Penyebab penyakit filariasis di Indonesia adalah Brugia malayi dan B. timori. Penyebaran kedua jenis parasit tersebut, serta berbagai masalah perbedaan geografis dari B. malayi, baik pengobatannya dengan chemotherapy maupun immunodiagnosisnya telah diketahui. B. pahangi yang bersumber pada binatang juga telah dilaporkan. Nyamuk-nyamuk sebagai vector untuk B. malayi dan B. timori telah pula disebut. Binatang-binatang liar juga telah dilaporkan sebagai sumber penularan yang sangat potensial melalui subperiodic B. malayi

A Study on the Microfilarial Periodicity at Bireuen, the Type Locality of Brugia Malayi (Brug, 1927)

Brugia malayi ('Brug, 1927) adalah salah satu bibit penyakit filaría yang ditemukan di Indonesia yang dilaporkan pertama kali oleh Brug ditahun 1927 dari daerah endemis Bireuen, Aceh Utara. Walaupun akhir-akhir ini diketahui di Indonesia bahwa B. malayi ini mempunyai sifat periodisitas yang periodik nokturna dan juga sub-periodik nokturna, namun dari daerah endemis Bireuen dimana parasit ini pertama kali ditemukan dan dilaporkan belum jelas sifat periodisitasnya. Oleh sebab itulah dilakukan penyelidikan didaerah ini guna menentukan sifat periodisitas dari B. malayi didaerah endemis dimana pertama kali bibit penyakit dilaporkan. Dari hasil penyelidikan didaerah endemis Bireuen pada bulan Agustus tahun 1974 ini ternyata bahwa B. malayi yang ditemukan mempunyai sifat periodisitas yang periodik nokturna. Disamping itu ditemukan pula bibit penyakit filaría dari jenis Wuchereria bancrofti yang juga mempunyai sifat periodisitas yang periodik nokturna

Correlation of Brachial Flow Mediated Dilation with Severity of Coronary Artery Disease

Background. Endothelial dysfunction precedes the development of morphological changes and contributes to atherosclerotic lesion development and progression. Evaluation using non invasive method such as brachial FMD (flow mediated dilation) has given inconsistent information for extension and coronary atherosclerotic severity regarding endothelial dysfunction. This research will evaluate the correlation between brachial FMD and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) stenosis. Methods. It was a cross sectional study. Evaluations were performed in 85 patients who had followed elective coronary angiography and fulfilled inclusion criteria in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita since January until October of 2012. Correlation between brachial FMD and severity of CAD stenosis (Gensini score) was evaluated using linear regression analysis. Results. Brachial FMD had negative correlation with Gensini score (R= -0,227; P= 0,037). Hypertension had negative correlation with brachial FMD (R= -0,235; P= 0,032). Male gender had positive correlation with brachial FMD (R= 0,220; P= 0,040). Conclusion. There was weak negative correlation between brachial FMD and Gensini score

Bleeding Predictor in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Underwent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Infarction: The Indonesian (INA) Bleeding Risk Score

Background Acute myocardial infarction still become one of the leading mortality cause in the world. Among these patients, ST elevation myocardial infartion (STEMI) has the greatest mortality rate among other type of Myocardial Infarction. When a myocard infarct patient have bleeding events, mortality rate greatly increased. Up until now, there is no specific bleeding risk assessment tool to predict bleeding events in STEMI patient. Methods A retrospective cohort study, done in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta in STEMI patients underwent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PPCI). Bleeding event was defined according to definition by Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) European Society of Cardiology, 2011. Categories for data obtained was basic characteristics, clinical examinations, initial therapies, lab results, x-ray, PPCI procedures, and in hospital treatments. Statistical analysis was done using multivariat analysis using logistic regression method and then converted to a scoring system. Results 579 sampels fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Bleeding event occured in 42 patients (7.3%). Indonesia bleeding score (Range 1-100) was created by assignment of variables that included in the final model according to their Odds Ratio (OR) values. Those variables are: female gender (OR 2.91, CI 1.23-6.91), Killip class 3 / 4 (OR 5.64, CI 2.27-14.03), Age ? 62 y.o (OR 2.19, CI 1.00-4.83), White blood cell >12.000 (OR 2.12, CI 0.95-4.73), Creatinine >1.5 (OR 2.17, CI 0.95-4.96), Body Mass Index ? 25 (OR 1.71, CI 0.83-3.51), Multiple coronary lesion (OR 1.95, CI 0.83- 4.54), Femoral access (OR 2.33, CI 0.77-7.01), and TPM implantation (OR 3.21, CI 1.28-8.07). These variabels was converted into two type of scoring system. The INA-1 contains all of the variables, and INA-2 minus variables related to interventional result and procedures. Conclusion Indonesia bleeding score quantifies risk for in-hospital bleeding event in STEMI patients underwent PPCI, which enhances baseline risk assessment for STEMI care

The Effect of Treating Bacterial Vaginosis on Preterm Labor

Objective: Multiple studies suggest that bacterial vaginosis (BV) causes preterm labor; yet its routine treatment remains controversial. In order to help to elucidate this controversy, we performed a thorough review of studies with levels of evidence ranging from I to II–II. Methods: We searched for all of the studies from the years 1994 to 2001 via Medline’s database, including MD Consult and Ovid Mednet. Results: Several trials discovered a decrease in the incidence of preterm labor when BV was treated, but most of those trials were performed on women with a history of preterm labor. However, the majority of trials reviewed advise against treatment of a general low-risk obstetric population, as there was no significant decrease in preterm labor. Conclusions: Therefore, based on the above studies and the current guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), treating pregnant women in high-risk populations who are diagnosed with BV provides the clinician with an opportunity to possibly prevent preterm labor in this population. In nulliparous women without a history of preterm birth, treatment is recommended if other risk factors are present (e.g. gonorrhea or chlamydia). However, in the general low-risk populations, routine screening is not indicated

Comparison of oral and vaginal metronidazole for treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: impact on fastidious bacteria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common condition that is associated with preterm birth and acquisition of complex communities of vaginal bacteria that include several fastidious species. Treatment of BV in pregnancy has mixed effects on the risk of preterm delivery, which some hypothesize is due to variable antibiotic efficacy for the fastidious bacteria. Both oral and intravaginal metronidazole can be used to treat bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy, but little is known about the impact of different routes of antibiotic administration on concentrations of fastidious vaginal bacteria.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a sub-study of a larger randomized trial of oral versus vaginal metronidazole for treatment of BV in pregnancy. Fifty-three women were evaluated, including 30 women who received oral metronidazole and 23 who received intravaginal metronidazole. Bacterial taxon-specific quantitative PCR assays were used to measure concentrations of bacterial vaginosis associated bacterium (BVAB) 1, 2, and 3, <it>Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium </it>species, <it>Leptotrichia/Sneathia </it>species, <it>Megasphaera </it>species, and <it>Lactobacillus crispatus </it>before and after antibiotic treatment.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Concentrations of <it>Leptotrichia </it>and <it>Sneathia </it>spp. and the fastidious Clostridia-like bacterium designated BVAB1 decreased significantly with oral (p = .002, p = .02) but not vaginal therapy (p = .141, p = .126). The fastidious bacterium BVAB3 did not significantly decrease with either treatment. Concentrations of <it>Atopobium </it>spp., reportedly resistant to metronidazole <it>in vitro</it>, dropped significantly with oral (p = .002) and vaginal (p = .001) treatment. There was no significant difference in the magnitude of change in bacterial concentrations between oral and vaginal treatment arms for any of the bacterial species. <it>Lactobacillus crispatus </it>concentrations did not change.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Both oral and vaginal metronidazole therapy in pregnant women result in a significant decrease in concentrations of most BV-associated anaerobic bacteria, with the exception that <it>Leptotrichia, Sneathia </it>and BVAB1 do not significantly decrease with vaginal metronidazole therapy. These data suggest that the route of antibiotic administration has a minor impact on bacterial eradication in pregnant women with BV.</p> <p>Trail Registration</p> <p>This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00153517</p