Danos ocasionados por Edessa meditabunda (f.) E Piezodorus guildinii (West.) Hemiptera: pentatomidae) em sementes de soja.

Experimentos realizados na cultura da soja, cv. NK 3363, com E. meditabunda e P. guildinii conduzidos em campo com gaiolas (1 x 1 x 1,2 m), em Ponta Grossa, Paraná, na safra de 2010/2011, tiveram como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar os danos ocasionados pela alimentação destes insetos. As plantas foram infestadas com diferentes níveis populacionais (0, 2 e 3 adultos/m), em diferentes fases fenológicas, sendo elas: início do desenvolvimento do grão a maturação (R5.1-R9); semente completamente cheia a maturação (R6-R9); maturidade fisiológica (R7-R9). A semeadura da soja foi realizada 12/11/2010 e a colheita 08/04/2011, totalizando um ciclo de 147 dias. Os danos foram estimados pela análise de germinação e de tetrazólio, nesta última, sendo classificadas de 1-8, o número total de sementes danificadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey . Entre as menores germinações encontram-se as plantas infestadas no início do desenvolvimento dos grãos (R5.1-R9), com três adultos/m de P. guildinii (66,5%), e plantas infestadas na maturidade fisiológica (R7-R9), com três adultos/m de E. meditabunda (68,7%). A maior média de sementes danificadas foram nas infestações em R5.1-R9, com dois e três adultos/m de P. guildinii, danos de 22,6% e 25,0%, de um total de 50 sementes. E. meditabunda provocou maiores danos nas infestações em R7, média de 34,0% e 41,4% de sementes danificadas

Danos ocasionados por Chinavia impicticornis (Stal) e Piezodorus guildinii (West.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em sementes de soja.

Experimentos realizados na soja, cv. NK 3363, com C. impicticornis e P. guildinii conduzidos em campo com gaiolas (1 x 1 x 1,2 m), em Ponta Grossa, Paraná, na safra de 2010/2011, tiveram como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar os danos ocasionados pela alimentação destes insetos. As plantas foram infestadas com diferentes níveis populacionais (0, 2 e 3 adultos/m), em diferentes fases fenológicas, sendo elas: início do desenvolvimento do grão a maturação (R5.1-R9); 25% a 50% de granação a maturação (R5.3-R9); semente completamente cheia a maturação (R6-R9). Foram analisadas: retenção foliar; germinação; danos estimados com análise de tetrazólio (classificados de 1 a 8, número total de sementes danificadas; e de 6 a 8, número total de sementes inviabilizadas). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p ? 0,05) . O maior índice de retenção foliar foi de 3,8 (21% a 40% de hastes verdes), referente às plantas infestadas com dois P. guildinii/m no período mais longo de infestação (61 dias, de R5.1 a R9), que no mesmo período, mas com três adultos/m, também causou o menor número de sementes germinadas (66,5%). A infestação com C. impicticornis causou a menor porcentagem de germinação (76,5%) no período de R5.3-R9, com dois adultos/m. As maiores porcentagens médias de sementes danificadas ocorreram nas infestações em R5.1-R9 com dois e três adultos/m de P. guildinii, respectivamente de 63,6% e 68,0%. C. impicticornis afetou o maior número de sementes (cerca de 54,0%) nas infestações em R6 com dois insetos/m. P. guildinii ocasionou os danos mais severos (36,0% de sementes inviabilizadas) em infestações no período mais longo (R5.1-R9). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os períodos de infestação com dois e três insetos/m. A maior redução da viabilidade e do vigor das sementes foi ocasionada pelas infestações em R5.1 com três adultos/m de P. guildinii, obtendo-se apenas 64,0% de sementes viáveis e vigor de 38,7%

Competition-based model of pheromone component ratio detection in the moth

For some moth species, especially those closely interrelated and sympatric, recognizing a specific pheromone component concentration ratio is essential for males to successfully locate conspecific females. We propose and determine the properties of a minimalist competition-based feed-forward neuronal model capable of detecting a certain ratio of pheromone components independently of overall concentration. This model represents an elementary recognition unit for the ratio of binary mixtures which we propose is entirely contained in the macroglomerular complex (MGC) of the male moth. A set of such units, along with projection neurons (PNs), can provide the input to higher brain centres. We found that (1) accuracy is mainly achieved by maintaining a certain ratio of connection strengths between olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) and local neurons (LN), much less by properties of the interconnections between the competing LNs proper. An exception to this rule is that it is beneficial if connections between generalist LNs (i.e. excited by either pheromone component) and specialist LNs (i.e. excited by one component only) have the same strength as the reciprocal specialist to generalist connections. (2) successful ratio recognition is achieved using latency-to-first-spike in the LN populations which, in contrast to expectations with a population rate code, leads to a broadening of responses for higher overall concentrations consistent with experimental observations. (3) when longer durations of the competition between LNs were observed it did not lead to higher recognition accuracy

Molecular Recognition and Cocrystallization of Methylated and Halogenated Fragments of Danicalipin A by Enantiopure Alleno-Acetylenic Cage Receptors

Enantiopure (P)₄⁻ and (M)₄-configured alleno-acetylenic cage (AAC) receptors offer a highly defined interior for the complexation and structure elucidation of small molecule fragments of the stereochemically complex chlorosulfolipid danicalipin A. Solution (NMR), solid state (X-ray), and theoretical investigations of the formed host–guest complexes provide insight into the conformational preferences of 14 achiral and chiral derivatives of the danicalipin A chlorohydrin core in a confined, mostly hydrophobic environment, extending previously reported studies in polar solvents. The conserved binding mode of the guests permits deciphering the effect of functional group replacements on Gibbs binding energies ΔG. A strong contribution of conformational energies toward the binding affinities is revealed, which explains why the denser packing of larger apolar domains of the guests does not necessarily lead to higher association. Enantioselective binding of chiral guests, with energetic differences ΔΔG_(293 K) up to 0.7 kcal mol⁻¹ between diastereoisomeric complexes, is explained by hydrogen- and halogen-bonding, as well as dispersion interactions. Calorimetric studies (ITC) show that the stronger binding of one enantiomer is accompanied by an increased gain in enthalpy ΔH but at the cost of a larger entropic penalty TΔS stemming from tighter binding

Detrusor Underactivity and Underactive Bladder in Women : What Is New?

n/

Changes in impervious surface area, flood frequency, and water chemistry within the Delaware River basin during the past 50 years: initial results

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Hydroscience and Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, September 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/732Housing development and total road mileage expansion, which result from the growing population and economic activity in the region, increased the total impervious surface area (ISA) within the Delaware River Basin (DRB) from either 3.19% or 3.69% of the total basin area in 1950 to either 5.41% or 6.44% of the total basin area in 2000, depending on which of two plausible scenarios are used for interpreting the available housing and road mileage data. Assuming an average area of 0.3 acre and 35% ISA for a single-unit detached house and 0.1 acre and 60% ISA for all other housing units, the projected ISA for the DRB is 5.66% in 2006. This result is comparable with the existing GIS data from the LandSat Thematic Mapper Imager for part of the DRB. Associated with the increasing ISA in the DRB, there also is an increase in flood events for recent years. Increased peak flows in July and August, which are the two months with the highest precipitation, also are noticeable. Concentrations of sodium and chloride in the Delaware River water increased between 2-4.6 times over the last 50 years at both upstream and downstream locations. Increased application of sodium chloride, in the form of deicing salt that is tied to the expansion of total road mileage in the basin, may be one of the main reasons for the increase of these ions in the waters of the Delaware River

PaCER - A fully automated method for electrode trajectory and contact reconstruction in deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical intervention where electrodes are permanently implanted into the brain in order to modulate pathologic neural activity. The post-operative reconstruction of the DBS electrodes is important for an efficient stimulation parameter tuning. A major limitation of existing approaches for electrode reconstruction from post-operative imaging that prevents the clinical routine use is that they are manual or semi-automatic, and thus both time-consuming and subjective. Moreover, the existing methods rely on a simplified model of a straight line electrode trajectory, rather than the more realistic curved trajectory. The main contribution of this paper is that for the first time we present a highly accurate and fully automated method for electrode reconstruction that considers curved trajectories. The robustness of our proposed method is demonstrated using a multi-center clinical dataset consisting of N = 44 electrodes. In all cases the electrode trajectories were successfully identified and reconstructed. In addition, the accuracy is demonstrated quantitatively using a high-accuracy phantom with known ground truth. In the phantom experiment, the method could detect individual electrode contacts with high accuracy and the trajectory reconstruction reached an error level below 100 μm (0.046 ± 0.025 mm). An implementation of the method is made publicly available such that it can directly be used by researchers or clinicians. This constitutes an important step towards future integration of lead reconstruction into standard clinical care.Andreas Husch’s work is funded by the Fonds National de la Recherch´e (FNR), Luxembourg, Grant AFR 5748689 and Jorge Goncalves’ is supported by FNR Grant CORE C14/BM/8231540. Mikkel V. Petersen’s work is funded by the Danish Parkinson Association