Effect of Treated Oily Waste Water of Khartoum Refinery on Nubian Goat Kids

One of the very many imposed environmental threats of the petroleum industry internationally is its effluent of treated oily waste water (TOWW), which was reported causing mortalities in small ruminants. This study was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of TOWW of Khartoum Refinery Company (KRC) on Nubian goat kids. Twentyone goat kids were divided into three groups: Group A (control), arranged in 1x3, and B and C (test groups) arranged in 2x3x3. Each test group was divided into three subgroups; B1, B2 and B3 and C1, C2 and C3. Groups B and C were watered for 6 weeks from KRC oxidation ponds II and III, respectively, diluted at ratios of 1:0, 1:1 and 1:2 with tap water respective to subgroups 1, 2 and 3. The control group was tap watered. All groups were fed on a basal ration of 2.86 Mcal ME/kg and crude protein 20.88% energy concentration meeting goat daily requirements. Clinical signs and mortalities were daily observed. Body weights were recorded fortnightly. Blood and serum samples were collected fortnightly for haematological (RBCs, Hb, PCV, WBCs and their differentials) and serum metabolites (glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin), enzymes (AST and ALP) and electrolytes (Ca, P, Co, Cu, Fe and Mn) examinations. Organs samples for histopathological investigations were collected on post mortem examinations or in extremis slaughter. All test groups significantly (P≤ 0.05) lost weight with variations in the total water consumption and similar average water consumption for all subgroups except C3 (P≤0.05). All test groups showed decreased appetite, diarrhoea, weakness and partial paralysis. The mortality was 100%, 66.6% and 33.3% in subgroups C1, C2 and C3, respectively. The mortality was 66.6% in subgroup B3 and 33.3% in each of B2 or B1. Haematologically, test goats were neither anaemic nor infected with haemodilutions (P≤0.05) in subgroups B3, C2 and C3. All test groups showed congestion or haemorrhage in the intestinal submucosa, with detachment of epithelium or detachment of the villi, in response to the osmotic diarrhoea. All test groups showed no significant (P>0.05) changes in serum metabolites, electrolytes or serum enzymes, but livers were congested, stressed and engorged. Bile and kidney showed shrinkage, necrosis of the glomeruli, congestion and haemorrhage in the cortical and medullary tubules. These signs were indications of intensive mineral excretion. It is concluded that TOWW from KRC has toxic effects on Nubian goat kids judged by the early mortalities and by the clinical signs of diarrhoea and recumbency, metabolic disturbances in the liver with histopathological changes in various body systems. It is recommended that TOWW initial concentration be restored by addition of equivalent water to reduce or abolish its toxic manifestations

Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast presenting as retroperitoneal fibrosis: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast represents approximately 6.3% of mammary malignancies. Distant metastasis of invasive lobular carcinoma to the peritoneum or retroperitoneum has been reported fairly frequently.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report the case of a 59-year-old Caucasian-Canadian woman with invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast presenting with retroperitoneal fibrosis and bilateral ureteral obstruction. Intra-operative pathology consultation did not reveal malignancy. The diagnosis, however, was confirmed on permanent sections by histological appearance in addition to immunohistochemistry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast presenting with retroperitoneal fibrosis.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In a case of unexplained ureteric obstruction and retroperitoneal fibrosis, more comprehensive physical examination and additional ancillary studies may be warranted to rule out malignancy as an underlying etiology. This case also emphasizes that intra-operative frozen section consultation cannot always be fully relied upon to exclude a malignancy as the etiology of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Moreover, in permanent histopathology sections, immunohistochemistry testing can be of value to rule out metastatic disease where the morphology is not salient. There is a need for a thorough physical examination of patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis, including the breast and gynecological organs.</p

Validation of diagnostic accuracy using digital slides in routine histopathology

Background: Robust hardware and software tools have been developed in digital microscopy during the past years for pathologists. Reports have been advocated the reliability of digital slides in routine diagnostics. We have designed a retrospective, comparative study to evaluate the scanning properties and digital slide based diagnostic accuracy. Methods: 8 pathologists reevaluated 306 randomly selected cases from our archives. The slides were scanned with a 20 × Plan-Apochromat objective, using a 3-chip Hitachi camera, resulting 0.465 μm/pixel resolution. Slide management was supported with dedicated Data Base and Viewer software tools. Pathologists used their office PCs for evaluation and reached the digital slides via intranet connection. The diagnostic coherency and uncertainty related to digital slides and scanning quality were analyzed. Results: Good to excellent image quality of slides was recorded in 96%. In half of the critical 61 digital slides, poor image quality was related to section folds or floatings. In 88.2 % of the studied cases the digital diagnoses were in full agreement with the consensus. Out of the overall 36 incoherent cases, 7 (2.3%) were graded relevant without any recorded uncertainty by the pathologist. Excluding the non-field specific cases from each pathologist’s record this ratio was 1.76 % of all cases. Conclusions: Our results revealed that: 1) digital slide based histopathological diagnoses can be highly coherent with those using optical microscopy; 2) the competency of pathologists is a factor more important than the quality of digital slide; 3) poor digital slide quality do not endanger patient safety as these errors are recognizable by the pathologist and further actions for correction could be taken. Virtual slides: The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here

Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and serves as prognostic biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients

Background: Dysregulated expression of Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) is a common feature for many human malignancies and numerous studies evaluated KLK6 as a promising biomarker for early diagnosis or unfavorable prognosis. However, the expression of KLK6 in carcinomas derived from mucosal epithelia, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and its mode of action has not been addressed so far. Methods: Stable clones of human mucosal tumor cell lines were generated with shRNA-mediated silencing or ectopic overexpression to characterize the impact of KLK6 on tumor relevant processes in vitro. Tissue microarrays with primary HNSCC samples from a retrospective patient cohort (n = 162) were stained by immunohistochemistry and the correlation between KLK6 staining and survival was addressed by univariate Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis. Results: KLK6 expression was detected in head and neck tumor cell lines (FaDu, Cal27 and SCC25), but not in HeLa cervix carcinoma cells. Silencing in FaDu cells and ectopic expression in HeLa cells unraveled an inhibitory function of KLK6 on tumor cell proliferation and mobility. FaDu clones with silenced KLK6 expression displayed molecular features resembling epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, nuclear β-catenin accumulation and higher resistance against irradiation. Low KLK6 protein expression in primary tumors from oropharyngeal and laryngeal SCC patients was significantly correlated with poor progression-free (p = 0.001) and overall survival (p < 0.0005), and served as an independent risk factor for unfavorable clinical outcome. Conclusions: In summary, detection of low KLK6 expression in primary tumors represents a promising tool to stratify HNSCC patients with high risk for treatment failure. These patients might benefit from restoration of KLK6 expression or pharmacological targeting of signaling pathways implicated in EMT

INFLUENCING FACTORS ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM LISTED INDONESIAN COMPANIES INCLUDED IN LQ 45 INDEX

This research aims to obtain empirical evidence about the influence of accounting conservatism, tax avoidance, firm size, leverage, industrial type, and institutional ownership on earning management, also to know whether the institutional ownership has an effect on the relationship between independent variable which has significant value with earnings management. The samples used in this research are companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and included in the LQ45 index (during the 2019 period, exclude banking companies). By using the purposive sampling method, the data were collected with specific criteria from 2017-2019. The results showed that leverage and institutional ownership influence earnings management. While accounting conservatism, tax avoidance, firm size, and industrial type do not influence earning management. Institutional ownership moderated the influence of leverage on earnings management. Key words: earnings management, factor, LQ4

Thermal comfort in Libya - field study

As part of the thermal comfort investigation in Libya a thermal comfort field survey was carried to set local thermal comfort temperature. This paper will present a field study results of thermal comfort in Libya. A thermal comfort survey has been held out in 39 domestic building across the three cities from three climatic zones, The criteria of selection only limited in free running domestic houses (naturally ventilated houses). Nearly 160 persons were included in this survey, they have been interviewed in their houses under their normal living conditions during the hottest (Summer), the coldest (Winter) and the moderate (Spring) periods of the year. The study investigates and assigns the thermal comfort temperature in three climatic zones in Libya, and three equations were concluded from the study, using the running mean outdoor temperature as predictor of the thermal comfort, that can indicate the limits of the comfort zones for the three cities. The paper also presents the researcher study on thermal insulation values for traditional Libyan clothing. The most common ensemble clothing for women and men were tested using thermal manikin

Mouse PSP94 expression is prostate tissue-specific as demonstrated by a comparison of multiple antibodies against recombinant proteins

Prostate tissue-specific gene expression is crucial for driving potentially therapeutic genes to target specifically to the prostate. Prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94), also known as β-MSP (microseminoprotein), is one of the three most abundant secretory proteins of the prostate gland, and is generally considered to be prostate tissue-specific. We have previously demonstrated that the expression of the rat PSP94 gene is strictly prostate tissue-specific by an antibody against a recombinant rat PSP94. In order to study prostate targeting utilizing the PSP94 gene in a mouse pre-clinical experimental model, we need to establish antibodies against mouse PSP94 to confirm if it is prostate tissue-specific as well. In this study, firstly we raised a polyclonal antibody against a recombinant glutathione-S-transferase-(GST-) mouse mature form of PSP94. However, it showed very poor immunoreactivity against prostate tissue PSP94 as tested in Western blotting experiments. Neither antibodies against rat PSP94 nor mouse PSP94 showed significant cross-reactivity. Thus a second antibody was established against a recombinant mouse mature PSP94 containing N-terminal polyhistidines, and stronger immunoreactivity against mouse prostate tissue PSP94 was identified in Western blotting experiments. Both of these antibodies showed immunohistochemical reactivity, while the latter showed stronger reactivity in IHC when tested with different fixatives. By studying tissue distribution, we demonstrated that, as with rat PSP94, mouse PSP94 is strictly prostate tissue-specific in experiments of both Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). This conclusion was also derived from a comparison among antibodies against human, rat, and mouse PSP94, showing very different immunoreactivities in Western blotting and IHC. Finally, a competitive assay between different species was performed. We demonstrated that antibodies against PSP94 from different species (human, primate, rodents) have poor cross-reactivities. These observations also indicate that the PSP94 gene is a rapidly evolving gene in all species. Results from this study have led to the possibility of utilizing PSP94 as a targeting agent specifically to the prostate in a mouse experimental model. ©2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Effectiveness of Toothpaste from Activated Charcoal as Teeth Whitening: A Systematic Literature Review

Charcoal toothpaste is claimed to have the ability to whiten teeth by removing stains and plaque. The activated charcoal particles in the toothpaste are believed to be able to absorb pigments or substances that cause stains on the tooth surface, such as plaque buildup, food scraps, or colored drinks. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review regarding the exploration of the effectiveness of activated charcoal as teeth whitening. The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) regarding the effectiveness of toothpaste from activated charcoal as teeth whitening. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. The process by which activated charcoal adsorbs plaque and tooth stains involves its adsorption properties and extensive porous structure. Activated charcoal particles have a very large surface area with large pore structures. This surface area provides more area to interact with substances that cause plaque and stains on teeth. Activated charcoal has a high adsorption capacity