34 research outputs found
Satellite observations of mesoscale eddy-induced Ekman pumping
Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 45 (2015): 104–132, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0032.1.Three mechanisms for self-induced Ekman pumping in the interiors of mesoscale ocean eddies are investigated. The first arises from the surface stress that occurs because of differences between surface wind and ocean velocities, resulting in Ekman upwelling and downwelling in the cores of anticyclones and cyclones, respectively. The second mechanism arises from the interaction of the surface stress with the surface current vorticity gradient, resulting in dipoles of Ekman upwelling and downwelling. The third mechanism arises from eddy-induced spatial variability of sea surface temperature (SST), which generates a curl of the stress and therefore Ekman pumping in regions of crosswind SST gradients. The spatial structures and relative magnitudes of the three contributions to eddy-induced Ekman pumping are investigated by collocating satellite-based measurements of SST, geostrophic velocity, and surface winds to the interiors of eddies identified from their sea surface height signatures. On average, eddy-induced Ekman pumping velocities approach O(10) cm day−1. SST-induced Ekman pumping is usually secondary to the two current-induced mechanisms for Ekman pumping. Notable exceptions are the midlatitude extensions of western boundary currents and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, where SST gradients are strong and all three mechanisms for eddy-induced Ekman pumping are comparable in magnitude. Because the polarity of current-induced curl of the surface stress opposes that of the eddy, the associated Ekman pumping attenuates the eddies. The decay time scale of this attenuation is proportional to the vertical scale of the eddy and inversely proportional to the wind speed. For typical values of these parameters, the decay time scale is about 1.3 yr.This work was funded by NASA Grants NNX08AI80G, NNX08AR37G, NNX13AD78G, NNX10AE91G, NNX13AE47G, and NNX10AO98G.2015-07-0
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Randomness, Symmetry, and Scaling of Mesoscale Eddy Life Cycles
It is shown that the life cycles of nonlinear mesoscale eddies, a major component of low-frequency ocean
physical variability, have a characteristic structure that differs fundamentally from that which would be expected
on the basis of classical interpretations of ocean eddy evolution in terms of mean flow instability and equilibration
followed by frictional, radiative, or barotropic decay, or of vortex merger dynamics in quasigeostrophic turbulent
cascades. Further, it is found that these life cycles can be accurately modeled in terms of the large-amplitude
excursions of a stochastic process. These conclusions, which apply in the corresponding global-mean context,
follow from the examination of ensemble-mean and standard deviation time series of normalized eddy amplitude
from an automated eddy identification and tracking analysis of a nearly two decade–merged satellite altimeter
record of global sea surface height (SSH). The resulting series are found to have several striking and unexpected
characteristics, including time-reversal symmetry and approximate self-similarity. Consistent results are obtained
from a similar analysis of a 7-yr record of global SSH from a numerical ocean circulation model. The basic
qualitative and quantitative statistical properties of these series can be remarkably well reproduced with an
extremely simple stochastic model, in which the SSH increments between successive time points are random
numbers, and the eddy life cycles are represented by excursions exceeding a given threshold. The stochastic
model is found also to predict accurately the empirical autocorrelation structure of the underlying observed SSH
field itself, when the autocorrelations are computed along long planetary (Rossby) wave characteristics.Keywords: Nonlinear dynamics, Circulation/Dynamics, Mesoscale processes, Dynamics, Ocean dynamics, Planetary wave
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Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System
Satellite observations of wind stress and sea surface temperature (SST) are analyzed to investigate ocean–atmosphere interaction in the California Current System (CCS). As in regions of strong SST fronts elsewhere in the World Ocean, SST in the CCS region is positively correlated with surface wind stress when SST fronts are strong, which occurs during the summertime in the CCS region. This ocean influence on the atmosphere is apparently due to SST modification of stability and mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and is most clearly manifest in the derivative wind stress fields: wind stress curl and divergence are linearly related to, respectively, the crosswind and downwind components of the local SST gradient. The dynamic range of the Ekman upwelling velocities associated with the summertime SST-induced perturbations of the wind stress curl is larger than that of the upwelling velocities associated with the mean summertime wind stress curl. This suggests significant feedback effects on the ocean, which likely modify the SST distribution that perturbed the wind stress curl field. The atmosphere and ocean off the west coast of North America must therefore be considered a fully coupled system. It is shown that the observed summertime ocean–atmosphere interaction is poorly represented in the NOAA North American Mesoscale Model (formerly called the Eta Model). This is due, at least in part, to the poor resolution and accuracy of the SST boundary condition used in the model. The sparse distribution of meteorological observations available over the CCS for data assimilation may also contribute to the poor model performance
Excitation of Giant Monopole Resonance in Pb and Sn Using Inelastic Deuteron Scattering
The excitation of the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) in
Sn and Pb has been investigated using small-angle (including
) inelastic scattering of 100 MeV/u deuteron and
multipole-decomposition analysis (MDA). The extracted strength distributions
agree well with those from inelastic scattering of 100 MeV/u
particles. These measurements establish deuteron inelastic scattering at E 100 MeV/u as a suitable probe for extraction of the ISGMR strength with
MDA, making feasible the investigation of this resonance in radioactive
isotopes in inverse kinematics.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. To be published in Phys. Lett.
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The Midlatitude Resolution Capability of Sea Level Fields Constructed from Single and Multiple Satellite Altimeter Datasets
A formalism recently developed for determining the effects of sampling errors on objectively smoothed fields constructed from an irregularly sampled dataset is applied to investigate the relative merits of single and multiple satellite altimeter missions. For small smoothing parameters, the expected squared error of smoothed fields of sea surface height (SSH) varies geographically at any particular time and temporally at any particular location. The philosophy proposed here for determining the resolution capability of SSH fields constructed from altimeter data is to identify smoothing parameters that are sufficiently large to satisfy two criteria: 1) the expected squared errors of the estimates of smoothed SSH over the space–time estimation grid must be either spatially and temporally homogeneous to within some a priori specified degree of tolerance or smaller than some a priori specified threshold, and 2) the space–time estimation grid on which smoothed SSH estimates are constructed must satisfy the Nyquist criteria for the wavenumbers and frequencies included in the smoothed fields.
The method is illustrated here by adopting a specified tolerance of 10% variability and a nominal expected squared error threshold of 1 cm² to determine the resolution capabilities of SSH fields constructed from 10 single and multiple combinations of altimeter measurements by TOPEX/Poseidon, the ERS Earth Resource Satellites, and Geosat. Because of the lack of coordination of the orbit configurations of these satellites (different repeat periods and different orbit inclinations), the mapping resolution capabilities of the combined datasets are not significantly better than those of fields constructed from TOPEX/Poseidon data alone. The benefits of coordinated multiple missions are demonstrated by consideration of several multiple combinations of 10-, 17-, and 35-day orbit configurations
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Seasonal variability in the Agulhas Retroflection region
The objective of this article is to present evidence for
the existence of seasonal variability in sea surface height
(SSH) anomaly in the Agulhas Retroflection region.
TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data are used to estimate
seasonal changes in the mesoscale SSH variability.
There is a seasonal oscillation of SSH variability characterized
by a maximum during the austral summer and a
minimum during the austral winter. The amplitude of
this seasonal change is approximately 30% of its mean
value. During the winter season the spatial distribution
of SSH variability resembles that of the annual mean
variability, with relative maxima centered at approximately
18°F, 27°F and 38°F. During the summer there
is an additional maximum which extends from approximately
20°F to 25°F and from 40° to 42°S. Analysis
of longitude-time diagrams reveals that at low latitudes
planetary waves propagate freely throughout the
basin. Along the latitude of the Agulhas Retroflection
region, the East Madagascar Ridge hampers the westward
propagation of planetary waves. It is speculated
that the difference between summer and winter patterns
is caused by an inertially driven bifurcation of the Agulhas
Current
Effect of promoter architecture on the cell-to-cell variability in gene expression
According to recent experimental evidence, the architecture of a promoter,
defined as the number, strength and regulatory role of the operators that
control the promoter, plays a major role in determining the level of
cell-to-cell variability in gene expression. These quantitative experiments
call for a corresponding modeling effort that addresses the question of how
changes in promoter architecture affect noise in gene expression in a
systematic rather than case-by-case fashion. In this article, we make such a
systematic investigation, based on a simple microscopic model of gene
regulation that incorporates stochastic effects. In particular, we show how
operator strength and operator multiplicity affect this variability. We examine
different modes of transcription factor binding to complex promoters
(cooperative, independent, simultaneous) and how each of these affects the
level of variability in transcription product from cell-to-cell. We propose
that direct comparison between in vivo single-cell experiments and theoretical
predictions for the moments of the probability distribution of mRNA number per
cell can discriminate between different kinetic models of gene regulation.Comment: 35 pages, 6 figures, Submitte
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Accuracy assessment of recent ocean tide models
Over 20 global ocean tide models have been developed since 1994, primarily as a
consequence of analysis of the precise altimetric measurements from TOPEX/POSEIDON and as a result of parallel developments numerical tidal modeling and data assimilation. This paper
provides an accuracy assessment of 10 such tide models and discusses their benefits in many fields including geodesy, oceanography, and geophysics. A variety of tests indicate that all these tide models agree within 2-3 cm in the deep ocean, and they represent significant improvement over the classical Schwidersk1i 1980 model by approximately 5 cm rms. As a result, two tide models
were selected for the reprocessing of TOPEX/POSEIDON Geophysical Data Records in late
1995. Current ocean tide models allow an improved observation of deep ocean surface dynamic
topography using satellite altimetry. Other significant contributions include their applications in
an improved orbit computation for TOPEX/POSEIDON and other geodetic satellites, to yield
accurate predictions of Earth rotation excitations and improved estimates of ocean loading
corrections for geodetic observatories, and to allow better separation of astronomical tides from
phenomena with meteorological and geophysical origins. The largest differences between these
tide models occur in shallow waters, indicating that the current models are still problematic in
these areas. Future improvement of global tide models is anticipated with additional high-quality
altimeter data and with advances in numerical techniques to assimilate data into high-resolution
hydrodynamic models.Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union