Deep Seated Base Failure and Reconstruction Work

As an embankment was constructed on thick soft clay ground, a deep seated failure took place. A large horizontal and vertical deformation was observed along the suspected sliding surface of the deep seated failure, when sand compaction piles were driven into the foundation for the purpose of soil improvement. After the soil improvement, an embankment was going to be reconstructed, but a sliding along the old sliding surface was feared. Since the amount of lateral movement was small, effectiveness of the sand compaction piles was ascertained. This paper presents a case record of this work

Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls and Buried Pipe

This paper describes the results of earth pressure measurements buried pipes. Conventional earth pressure gauges fixed on the walls were type earth pressure gauges which covers the whole wall surface were used components of the resultant earth pressures were measured

Nonlinear resonance interaction of ultrasonic waves under applied stress

Copyright 1984 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Journal of Applied Physics, 56(1), 235-237, 1984 and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.33375

Expression and functional analysis of rat P23, a gut hormone-inducible isoform of trypsin, reveals its resistance to proteinaceous trypsin inhibitors

AbstractRat P23 is an isoform of trypsin (ogens) synthesized by rat acinar cells. Expression of P23 is stimulated strongly by caerulein, an analogue of cholecystokinin (CCK). However, the physiological relevance of rat P23 in healthy and pathological conditions such as caerulein-induced pancreatitis is largely unknown. Using recombinant P23 trypsinogen and reconstitution analysis of zymogen autoactivation, unique inhibitor-resistance characteristics of P23 were elucidated. P23 cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli periplasm, yielding recombinant P23 trypsinogen. Autoactivation of zymogen granule contents from caerulein-induced rat pancreas was also studied. Activation kinetics of P23 by enterokinase was similar to those of rat anionic trypsinogen, which is a major isoform of trypsinogen. Interestingly, rat pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), which protects against deleterious activation of trypsinogens in zymogen granules, failed to inhibit P23 trypsin even with four-fold molar excess, at which concentration it effectively inhibited rat anionic trypsin to almost 100%. P23 trypsin also showed marked resistance to proteinaceous trypsin inhibitors such as soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. P23 trypsin activated by enterokinase dramatically accelerated the cascade of autoactivation of anionic trypsinogen even in the presence of PSTI. Taken together with a previous observation that P23 is specifically upregulated 14-fold by 24-h caerulein infusion, these results suggest that elevated levels of P23 should be taken into consideration in the mechanism of trypsinogens within the pancreas in pathological conditions

DNA-viivakoodaus elintarvikkeiden aitoustutkimuksissa

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli ottaa käyttöön ja validoida DNA-viivakoodaus-menetelmä Elintarviketurvallisuusvirasto Eviralle. DNA-viivakoodaus oli alun perin ekologisiin tutkimuksiin kehitelty menetelmä, mutta pian siitä huomattiin olevan hyötyä myös muilla tutkimusalueilla, kuten elintarvikkeiden aitoustutkimuksissa. Elintarvikepetoksia ja etenkin mereneläviin kohdistuvia väärennöksiä paljastuu yhä enemmän maailmalla. Suomessa näitä väärennöksiä ei ole kovinkaan paljoa tutkittu aikaisemmin. DNA-viivakoodaus-menetelmä perustuu siihen, että genomista on valittu alue, jossa lajin sisällä emäsjärjestys vaihtelee mahdollisimman vähän ja eri lajien välillä suuresti. Lajit voidaan erottaa toisistaan viivakoodialueen sekvenssien perusteella. Eläinlajeilla käytetään usein mitokondriaalisen DNA:n sytokromi c oksidaasi 1 -geeniä (CO1) ja kasveilla kloroplastin maturaasi K (matK)- ja ribuloosi bisfosfaatti karboksylaasi iso alayksikkö (rbcL) -geenejä. Opinnäytetyön laboratorio-osuus suoritettiin pääosin Yhdysvaltain elintarvike- ja lääkevirasto FDA:n laatiman työohjeen mukaisesti. Kalanäytteestä eristettiin DNA, josta monistettiin PCR:llä tietty nukleotidijakso. PCR-tuote puhdistettiin ja sekvensoitiin. Sekvensoinnin tulokset käsiteltiin bioinformatiikan työkaluin ja saatuja sekvenssejä verrattiin sekvenssitietokantoihin, jolloin saatiin selville näytteen kalalaji. Menetelmän käyttöönotto onnistui hyvin. DNA-eristys onnistui, mikäli näytemäärä ei ollut liian suuri. Erilaiset matriisit, kuten savustettu tai suolattu kala, eivät aiheuttaneet ongelmia. Poikkeuksena olivat ainoastaan liian prosessoidut tuotteet, kuten öljyyn säilötty purkkikala. Työssä käytetyt alukkeet toimivat usealle lajille, ja lajintunnistus onnistui vähintään sukutasolle asti. Alustavien tutkimusten perusteella samat alukkeet ja menetelmä soveltuvat myös eläinlajien määritykseen.The purpose of this Bachelor’s thesis was to implement and validate a DNA barcoding method for Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira. DNA barcoding method was originally developed for ecological studies, but soon it was found to be useful in other areas of research as well, such as food authenticity studies. Increasing amount of food frauds, especially seafood forgeries have been found around the world. In Finland, these forgeries have not been studied intensively until recently. DNA barcoding method is based on analysis of a selected area in the genome. The selected genome area should have as little sequence variety as possible within a species and as much as possible between different species. Species can be identified by the sequences of the barcode region. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (CO1) from mitochondrial DNA is often used with animal identification, and maturase K (matK) and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (rbcL) genes from the chloroplast are used when researching plants. The laboratory work in this thesis was carried out mainly in accordance with the standard operating procedure made by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA. The DNA was extracted from the fish sample, and a specific nucleotide sequence was amplified from the DNA. The PCR product was purified and sequenced. The results of the sequencing were processed with bioinformatics tools, and the gained sequences were compared to sequence databases to identify the species of the fish sample. The implementation of this method was successful. DNA extraction succeeded if the sample was not too large. Different matrices, such as smoked or salted fish, did not cause problems. The only exceptions were too far processed products, such as fish canned in oil. The primers used in this thesis were functional in many species and the identification of the species was successful until the family level at least. On the bases of the preliminary studies, the same primers and method are also suitable for the identification of several animal species

Leaky Lamb Wave Along VCR Magnetic Tapes

High recording density with the home-use digital VCRs requires the use of narrow tracks, short recording wavelength, and thin magnetic tapes. Knowledge of Young’s modulus of the tape is essential for the precise positioning of the tape on the rotating drums and then a stable tape-to-head interface. The magnetic tapes usually show different Young’s moduli for the machine direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD) [1]. The anisotropy develops mainly in the base film of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) through the partial crystallization and the crystallite orientation alignment during the stretching process on the tapes [2], while the original PET sheet, from which the tapes are cut, shows much less anisotropy. This situation requires the determination of Young’s moduli for both MD and TD of the tape. The tapes on play are straightened by tensile loads, which should be controlled with Young’s modulus for the MD. Too much load may distort the recorded tracks or damage the tape. Besides, the vertical load is applied onto both edges of the running tape by the guiding rollers. Again, too much load may induce the tape buckling. Critical load is proportional to the Young’s modulus in the TD. Large moduli are desirable for both directions

Resonance EMAT system for acoustoelastic stress measurement in sheet metals

Copyright 1993 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Review of Scientific Instruments, 64(11), 3198-3205, 1993 and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114432