Comparisons of gyrofluid and gyrokinetic simulations*

The gyrokinetic and gyrofluid models show the most promise for large scale simulations of tokamak microturbulence. This paper discusses detailed comparisons of these two complementary approaches. Past comparisons with linear theory have been fairly good, therefore the emphasis here is on nonlinear comparisons. Simulations include simple two dimensional slab test cases, turbulent three dimensional slab cases, and toroidal cases, each modeling the nonlinear evolution of the ion temperature gradient instability. There is good agreement in both turbulent and coherent nonlinear slab comparisons in terms of the ion heat flux, both in magnitude and scaling with magnetic shear. However, the nonlinear saturation level for {vert_bar}{Phi}{vert_bar} in the slab comparisons show differences of approximately 40%. Preliminary toroidal comparisons show agreement within 50%, in terms of ion heat flux and saturation level

A new and successful chance in surgical treatment of gastrooesophageal reflux in severely neurologically impaired children: Bianchi's procedure

Aim: Neurologically impaired (NI) children present with neuromuscular incoordination and severe gastroesophageal reflux (CER). In these cases, Bianchi has proposed total oesophagogastric dissociation (OGD) as a primary procedure and not only after failed fundoplication.Methods: Anthropometric and laboratory data, incidence of respiratory symptoms, days of hospitalisation, time of feeding, stool frequency and quality of life were tested preoperatively and after OGD over a 12-month period in 13 severe NI patients.Results: Results are shown in Table 1. We also recorded improvement in quality of life, based on communication by the person responsible for the care of the subject, and determined by psychological interviews.Conclusions: OGD is a successful and feasible procedure and can be included as a primary definitive surgical treatment in individualised nutritional rehabilitation planning for each severe NI child