Erratum: Prevalence and distribution of selected cervical human papillomavirus types in HIV infected and HIV uninfected women in South Africa, 1989–2021: A narrative review

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Feasibility and acceptability of self-collection of Human Papillomavirus samples for primary cervical cancer screening on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua: A mixed-methods study

BackgroundCervical cancer is the primary cause of cancer death for women in Nicaragua, despite being highly preventable through vaccination against high-risk genotypes of the Human Papillomavirus (hrHPV), screening for hrHPV, and early detection of lesions. Despite technological advances designed to increase access to screening in low resource settings, barriers to increasing population-level screening coverage persist. On the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua, only 59% of women have received one lifetime screen, compared to 78.6% of eligible women living on the Pacific and in the Interior. In concordance with the WHO’s call for best practices to eliminate cervical cancer, we explored the feasibility and acceptability of self-collection of samples for hrHPV testing on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua through a multi-year, bi-national, community-based mixed methods study.MethodsBetween 2016 and 2019, focus groups (n=25), key informant interviews (n=12) [phase I] and an environmental scan [phase II] were conducted on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua in partnership and collaboration with long-term research partners at the University of Virginia and community-based organizations. In spring 2020, underscreened women on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua were recruited and screened for hrHPV, with the choice of clinician collection or self-collection of samples.ResultsOver the course of the study, providers and potential patients expressed significant acceptability of self-collection of samples as a strategy to reduce barriers currently contributing to the low rates of screening (phases I and II). Ultimately 99.16% (n=1,767) of women chose to self-collect samples, demonstrating a high level of acceptability of self-collection in this pilot sample (phase III). Similarly, focus groups, key informant interviews, and the environmental scan (phases I and II) of resources indicated critical considerations for feasibility of implementation of both HPV primary screening and subsequently, self-collection of samples. Through phase III, we piloted hrHPV screening (n=1,782), with a 19.25% hrHPV positivity rate.ConclusionSelf-collection of samples for hrHPV testing demonstrated high acceptability and feasibility. Through concerted effort at the local, regional, and national levels, this project supported capacity building in reporting, monitoring, and surveilling cervical cancer screening across the continuum of cervical cancer control

Enzymatic degradation of granular potato starch by Microbacterium aurum strain B8.A

Microbacterium aurum strain B8.A was isolated from the sludge of a potato starch-processing factory on the basis of its ability to use granular starch as carbon- and energy source. Extracellular enzymes hydrolyzing granular starch were detected in the growth medium of M. aurum B8.A, while the type strain M. aurum DSMZ 8600 produced very little amylase activity, and hence was unable to degrade granular starch. The strain B8.A extracellular enzyme fraction degraded wheat, tapioca and potato starch at 37 °C, well below the gelatinization temperature of these starches. Starch granules of potato were hydrolyzed more slowly than of wheat and tapioca, probably due to structural differences and/or surface area effects. Partial hydrolysis of starch granules by extracellular enzymes of strain B8.A resulted in large holes of irregular sizes in case of wheat and tapioca and many smaller pores of relatively homogeneous size in case of potato. The strain B8.A extracellular amylolytic system produced mainly maltotriose and maltose from both granular and soluble starch substrates; also, larger maltooligosaccharides were formed after growth of strain B8.A in rich medium. Zymogram analysis confirmed that a different set of amylolytic enzymes was present depending on the growth conditions of M. aurum B8.A. Some of these enzymes could be partly purified by binding to starch granules

Experience of insomnia, symptom attribution and treatment preferences in individuals with moderate to severe COPD: a qualitative study

Karen S Kauffman,1 Megan Doede,1 Montserrat Diaz-Abad,2 Steven M Scharf,2,3 Wanda Bell-Farrell,2 Valerie E Rogers,1 Jeanne Geiger-Brown1 1Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA; 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 3The University of Maryland Sleep Disorders Center, Baltimore, MD, USA Abstract: Persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to have poor sleep quality. Acceptance of and adherence to therapies for sleep problems may depend on how the person with COPD regards the source of his sleep problem, yet little is known about their attribution as to the cause of these sleep symptoms. The objective of this study was to describe the subjective sleep complaints of individuals with COPD along with their attributions as to the cause of these symptoms, and their treatment preferences for insomnia. Three focus groups were conducted (N=18) with participants who have moderate to severe COPD. Focus group data were transcribed, compared and contrasted to identify themes of attribution. Participants reported difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, and daytime sleepiness. They attributed their sleep problems primarily to their pulmonary symptoms, but also poor air quality (thick humid air) and death anxiety when awake during the night. There was no clear preference for type of treatment to remedy this problem (medication, cognitive therapy), although they indicated that traveling to the clinic was difficult and should be avoided as much as possible. These data suggest that environmental manipulation to improve air quality (eg, air conditioning) and modifications to reduce death anxiety could be beneficial to persons with COPD. In-person multi-session therapy may not be acceptable to persons with moderate to severe COPD, however internet-based therapy might make treatment more accessible. Keywords: insomnia, sleep, death anxiety, qualitative research, patient preference, attitude to health, COP