Adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.): A Case Study from Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh

An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) project was implemented in the cropping season 2006-07 in six villages of Guntur District. Survey was conducted in the six villages and all 150 chilli farmers participating in Crop Life India (CLI) sponsored IPM project were treated as a sample for the study. In the case of sucking pests, 56% of the farmers expressed that mites were an important pest. Among the fruit borers, a majority (83.33%) felt that Spodoptera litura was a serious problem and; among diseases, 56% opined die-back to be the major problem. More than twothirds of the respondents adopted all components of IPM, with the exception of bioagents where adoption was just 46%. 44% felt leaf spot was a major disease. Over 80% adopted border crops, trap crops, scouting techniques and mechanical-control measures. All the respondents followed 10-15 day pre-harvest interval of pesticide application as a measure for obtaining quality produce and better price. Problems of post-harvest pests and diseases were not observed in the case of well-dried chillies

DRUG POLYMORPHISM IDENTIFICATION USING FOURIER TRANSFORM-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAMIVUDINE AND FINASTERIDE DRUGS

Objectives: Maintaining the quality of the pharmaceutical drug product during its shelf life is highly desirable. The crystalline form of the drug having the great thermodynamic stability is essential for the manufacturers in pharmaceutical industry in view of their profit and also for the safety of the customer. Many pharmaceutical drugs have the tendency to exhibit polymorphism which is unwanted for pharmaceutical companies, where they have experienced market shortages due to these unpredicted polymorphic and/or pseudomorphic changes. The property of a drug exhibiting more than one crystal form is considerably regarded as polymorphism and each of the crystalline form has its own physicochemical properties, namely, solubility, heat capacity, melting point, and sublimation point. To relieve this ultimate effect on the drug quality and stability, a prior detection of polymorphism in the final dosage form is highly recommended. Hence, many analytical techniques have been proposed for the detection of polymorphism in pharmaceutical drug products. Methods: Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectrometer is used for the investigation of drug polymorphism and the instrument is advanced with charge coupled device detectors, ease of sample preparation and handling, mitigation of sub-sampling problems using different geometric laser irradiance patterns and having different optical components of Raman spectrometers. Results: In this work, we carefully studied the Raman spectral patterns for Lamivudine as well as Finasteride drug substances for the detection of polymorphism. Further, we have highlighted the advantages of FT-Raman spectroscopy over other polymorphism detection techniques. For example, Raman spectra showed invariably sharp, well resolved bands compare to IR spectra due to the minor contribution of overtone vibrations in Raman spectra, resulting in much less broadening and a better resolution of bands. Besides, Raman spectroscopy does not suffer from the sampling problems that are common in X-ray powder diffraction, where preferred orientation and specimen displacements are serious restrictions for the application of quantitative method. Conclusion: Here, in this paper, we are presented and compared the experimental results regarding the detection of polymorphism in Lamivudine and Finasteride drugs using FT-Raman spectroscopy, to illustrate the advantages of the technique in the detection of polymorphism over other techniques

Experimental Investigation Of Relative Performance Of Water Based Tio2 And Zno Nanofluids In A Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

This paper deals with experimental determination of convective heat transfer coefficient in a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger using water based TiO2, ZnO nanofluids with 0.002% & 0.004% volume concentrations. Experiments are conducted at various Reynolds numbers ranging from 1600 to 6100. From the experimental results it is found that heat transfer coefficient increases with increase of volume concentration of nanoparticles as well as Reynolds number. Enhancement of heat transfer coefficient between nanofluids with 0.002% volume concentration of TiO2, ZnO and the inner walls of copper tube in a double pipe heat exchanger increased up to 30.37% and 57.31% respectively. The enhancements are as high as 66.12% and 78.30% when the volume concentration is 0.004% of TiO2 and ZnO respectively for same set of operating conditions when compared to pure water at Reynolds number 6100. The experimental results are presented in graphical form. The variation of heat transfer coefficient in both dimensional and non-dimensional form are presented as a function of Reynolds number for different volume concentrations of nanofluids. The effectiveness of heat exchanger is also presented as a function of volume concentration of nanofluids

Experimental Investigation of Relative Performance of Water Based Tio and Zno Nanofluids in a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

This paper deals with experimental determination of convective heat transfer coefficient in a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger using water based TiO ZnO nanofluids with 0.002% & 0.004% volume concentrations. Experiments are 2, conducted at various Reynolds numbers ranging from 1600 to 6100. From the experimental results it is found that heat transfer coefficient increases with increase of volume concentration of nanoparticles as well as Reynolds number. Enhancement of heat transfer coefficient between nanofluids with 0.002% volume concentration of TiO ZnO and the 2, inner walls of copper tube in a double pipe heat exchanger increased up to 30.37% and 57.31% respectively. The enhancements are as high as 66.12% and 78.30% when the volume concentration is 0.004% of TiO and ZnO 2 respectively for same set of operating conditions when compared to pure water at Reynolds number 6100. The experimental results are presented in graphical form. The variation of heat transfer coefficient in both dimensional and non-dimensional form are presented as a function of Reynolds number for different volume concentrations of nanofluids. The effectiveness of heat exchanger is also presented as a function of volume concentration of nanofluids

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different organic manures along with chemical fertilizers on net photosynthetic rate, leaf area index, chlorophyll pigments and also nutrient uptake of FCV tobacco in irrigated Alfisols (Typic Ustochrept). The experiment was conducted during 2013-14, in split plot design with five main treatments, (no farm yard manure, FYM 5 t/ha, FYM 10 t/ha, Tata geo green(TGG) a sugarcane based organic manure, 1t/ha, TGG 2 t/ha) and four sub-plots (No RDF, 50% RDF, 75% RDF and 100% RDF) replicated four times. Results revealed that application of 100% and 75% RDF showed significantly higher net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll pigments (a&b) over 50% RDF and control. Application of 10 t/ha FYM showed highest LAI compared to other organic manures at 60 and 95 days. Organic manures and their doses showed significant increase in nutrient uptake over control. Application of 100% RDF has recorded significantly higher N, P and K uptake at 60 and 95 DAP. Organic manures showed significantly higher total nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium uptake over control. FYM 10 t/ha showed higher nitrogen and phosphorus uptake over TGG. Application of fertilizers @ 100% RDF showed significantly higher total N,P and K uptake compared to other treatments. Based on the physiological parameters and nutrient uptake it can be concluded that among the sources, FYM 10 t/ha was superior to TGG. In the event of non-availability of FYM, TGG (1 t/ha) can be used as a source of organic manure.Not Availabl

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Utilization of dental health-care services and its barriers among the patients visiting community health centers in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh: A cross-sectional, questionnaire study

Introduction: The primary health centers and community health centers (CHCs) offer an opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment, dental health education, and institution of preventive measures in the remote areas. Aim: To assess the level of utilization of dental health care services and to determine barriers that prevent utilization of dental health-care services among the patients visiting CHCs in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 600 patients aged 20 years and above visiting the randomly selected 10 CHCs during May 2015 in Nellore District. A multistage sampling method was followed. The source of data was primary in nature and it was obtained through self-administered questionnaire. Data was entered and analyzed using a software program IBM SPSS Statistics version 22 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) (P < 0.05). Results: Only 36% of patients had visited the dentist in the last 12 months. Males (54%) visited dentist more frequently than females (46%). The most common reported reasons for the last dental visit were pain or a dental emergency (71%), followed by restorative treatment (17%) and other reasons (12%). The most commonly reported reasons for not seeking dental care were “Not needed unless having pain” by 360 (60%), “I do not think dental diseases are very serious” by 304 (51%), “I have fear of dental procedures” by 290 (48.6%),“Lack of time” by 235 (45.6%), “Dental treatment is expensive” by 200 (33.3%), and “The dentist is at a long distance” by 158 (26.8%). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that only a small portion of population visited a dentist in previous year. Most of them believe that visiting dentist is necessary only for pain relief

Tooth loss prevalence and risk indicators among adult people visiting community health centers in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: The relationship between oral health and tooth retention is complex. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the main reasons for tooth loss; the contribution of other modifying factors such as cultural beliefs, socioeconomic characteristics, access to dental care, and dental practitioner's philosophy of treatment may also influence the decision to extract teeth. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and risk indicators of tooth loss in an adult population visiting community health centers (CHCs), Nellore district. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients visiting the outpatient wards of 10 CHCs which were selected by multistage random sampling. A total of 450 patients in the age range of 35–74 years were surveyed using a structured questionnaire followed by clinical examination. Questionnaire was regarding age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), smoking habits, dental visiting patterns, and oral hygiene practices. Clinical examination was performed using dentition status from the WHO pro forma and loss of attachment (LOA) with LOA Index. Results: Overall prevalence of tooth loss was 50.39%. The highest prevalence of tooth loss was reported in 65–74 years old age group (96.18%) and upper lower class. Males had highest tooth loss prevalence (64.29%) with mean tooth loss of 3.08 ± 3.59. Multiple logistic regression done to assess the impact of various independent variables on tooth loss revealed that age, gender, SES, habits of cleaning teeth, frequency of brushing teeth, time of brushing, dietary habits, visit to dentist, dental caries, and LOA had a significant impact on tooth loss. Conclusion: Age, gender, SES, habits of cleaning teeth, frequency of brushing teeth, time of brushing, dietary habits, visit to dentist, dental caries, and LOA were identified as risk indicators for tooth loss among adult people visiting community health centers in Andhra Pradesh