CFD Predictions of Soot & CO Emissions Generated by a Partially-Fueled 9-Element Lean-Direct Injection Combustor

A study was undertaken to investigate the CO & soot emissions generated by a partially-fueled 9- element LDI (Lean-Direct Injection) combustor configuration operating in the idle range of jet engine conditions. In order to perform the CFD analysis, several existing soot/chemistry models were implemented into the OpenNCC (Open National Combustion Code). The calculations were based on a Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulation with standard k-epsilon turbulence model, a 62- species jet-a/air chemistry, a 2-equation soot model, & a Lagrangian spray solver. A separate transport equation was solved for all individual species involved in jet-a/air combustion. In the test LDI configuration we examined, only five of the nine injectors were fueled with the major pilot injector operating at an equivalence ratio of near one and the other four main injectors operating at an equivalence ratio near 0.55. The calculations helped to identify several reasons behind the soot & CO formation in different regions of the combustor. The predicted results were compared with the reported experimental data on soot mass concentration (SMC) & emissions index of CO (EICO). The experimental results showed that an increase in either T3 and/or F/A ratio lead to a reduction in both EICO & SMC. The predicted results were found to be in reasonable agreement. However, the predicted EICO differed substantially in one test condition associated with higher F/A ratio

Investigation of fatigue-crack growth under simple variable-amplitude loading

Fatigue-crack growth under simple variable amplitude loading in aluminum alloy

Stray field signatures of N\'eel textured skyrmions in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayer films

Skyrmions are nanoscale spin configurations with topological properties that hold great promise for spintronic devices. Here, we establish their N\'eel texture, helicity, and size in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayer films by constructing a multipole expansion to model their stray field signatures and applying it to magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images. Furthermore, the demonstrated sensitivity to inhomogeneity in skyrmion properties, coupled with a unique capability to estimate the pinning force governing dynamics, portends broad applicability in the burgeoning field of topological spin textures.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, significantly revised and upgraded. For the updated supplementary material please contact one of the corresponding author

Chiral magnetic textures in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayers: Evolution and topological Hall signature

Skyrmions are topologically protected, two-dimensional, localized hedgehogs and whorls of spin. Originally invented as a concept in field theory for nuclear interactions, skyrmions are central to a wide range of phenomena in condensed matter. Their realization at room temperature (RT) in magnetic multilayers has generated considerable interest, fueled by technological prospects and the access granted to fundamental questions. The interaction of skyrmions with charge carriers gives rise to exotic electrodynamics, such as the topological Hall effect (THE), the Hall response to an emergent magnetic field, a manifestation of the skyrmion Berry-phase. The proposal that THE can be used to detect skyrmions needs to be tested quantitatively. For that it is imperative to develop comprehensive understanding of skyrmions and other chiral textures, and their electrical fingerprint. Here, using Hall transport and magnetic imaging, we track the evolution of magnetic textures and their THE signature in a technologically viable multilayer film as a function of temperature ($T$) and out-of-plane applied magnetic field ($H$). We show that topological Hall resistivity ($\rho_\mathrm{TH}$) scales with the density of isolated skyrmions ($n_\mathrm{sk}$) over a wide range of $T$, confirming the impact of the skyrmion Berry-phase on electronic transport. We find that at higher $n_\mathrm{sk}$ skyrmions cluster into worms which carry considerable topological charge, unlike topologically-trivial spin spirals. While we establish a qualitative agreement between $\rho_\mathrm{TH}(H,T)$ and areal density of topological charge $n_\mathrm{T}(H,T)$, our detailed quantitative analysis shows a much larger $\rho_\mathrm{TH}$ than the prevailing theory predicts for observed $n_\mathrm{T}$.Comment: Major revision of the original version. The extensive Supplementary Information is available upon reques

Newton’s Law of Gravitational Force (NLGF) based Machine Learning Technique for Uneven Illuminated Face Detection

A photo gallery is crucial for organizing your photos, presenting them in beautiful categories, and doing sophisticated memory searches. The photo gallery is portrayed in a vocabulary of nonlinear similarities to the prototype face image collection. One of the difficult research ideas for machine learning technologies is the maintenance of a photo gallery using facial recognition. Based on changes in the faces' appearance, faces are identified. This research proposes novel machine learning algorithms to recognize faces by characterizing the majority of discriminating local characteristics, which maximizes the dissimilarity between face photos of different persons and reduces the dissimilarity between features between face images of the same person. This method relies on Newton's third law of gravitational force to determine the relationship between pixels to extract the features of noisy accurately and efficiently, unevenly illuminated, and rotationally invariant face images

PERFORMANCE STUDY OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS ON NON EXPANSIVE SOILS

As part of infrastructure development   huge investment is being made on expansion of National highways and important roads across the country.  For improvement of Highways two types of Pavements are commonly used in India viz., Flexible Pavements (Bituminous) and rigid pavements (Concrete). Flexible pavements are widely used in this country from the considerations of economy The performance of Flexible pavements depends largely on properties of original ground on which the pavement rests, the quality of materials used in the construction of various layers of pavement and quality assurance as per relevant specifications. In general any road after construction is basically evaluated by the performance in terms of unevenness index and structural stability over a period of time. The evaluation of these two important parameters will facilitate the clear understanding of performance of various materials used in the construction and to undertake suitable rehabilitation measures if necessary. Keywords: Expansive Soil, Flexible Pavement

Protective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Alphonsea sclerocarpa against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats

Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thwaites belonging to the family Annonaceae is a small tree, which grows up to 10-15 m tall the leaves are simple and alternate. Despite its medicinal properties the plant seems to be less explored and hence this research aims at exploring the antiurolithiatic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of A. sclerocarpa on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. A. sclerocarpa leaf powder was extracted using ethanol. The effect of ethanolic leaf extract of A. sclerocarpa (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) was studied in experimentally induced renal stone in rats by in vivo model. Ethylene glycol model (0.75% in drinking water, for 28 days) was used for renal stone induction. The blood, urine and kidney samples were used for various parameters. The concentration of calcium, oxalate, phosphorus, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen was observed in each group. The phytochemical analysis was carried out to detect the presence of secondary metabolites like saponins and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of A. sclerocarpa leaf extract. In ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) treated animal model ethanolic extract of A. sclerocarpa leaf extract showed significant results on stone promoters (calcium oxalate, inorganic phosphate and sodium), kidney function parameters (uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine). On the basis of biochemical parameters and histopathological study it was confirmed that A. sclerocarpa leaf extract protected the renal cells from oxidative stress and injury induce by calcium oxalate crystals. The investigation of ethanolic extract of A. sclerocarpa leaf has shown promising antiurolithiatic activity and support folklore claims of these plants as antiurolithiatic. The mechanism of action of these plants for antiurolithiatic is apparently related to increased diuresis and lowering of urinary concentrations of stone-forming constituents, though it should be confirmed by the extensive exploratory studies

NOVEL PYRAZOLINES: SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF THEIR DERIVATIVES WITH ANTICANCER AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES

Objective: Synthesis of novel pyrazolines (P2-P4 & P7-P9) from the chalcones (C2-C10) obtained by condensing different aldehydes with 2-acetyl- 5-bromothiophene and evaluates them for in vitro anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.Methods: The synthesized pyrazolines and chalcones were screened for anticancer activity against human breast cancer cell lines-MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 in the range of 100 nm to 100 µm. Inhibition of bovine albumin denaturation and heat-induced hemolysis in vitro methods were followed to screen for anti-inflammatory activity. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed based on the IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral data.Results: Among the synthesized compounds, methoxy trisubstituted pyrazoline derivative (P6) exhibited an interesting profile of anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell line with GI50<0.1 μ M. similar to that of the standard drug doxorubicin. Compounds C8, P8, P3 have moderate anti-inflammatory activity in bovine denaturation and heat induced hemolytic method.Conclusion: Novel pyrazolines and chalcones were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity. The methoxy containing compounds one of which P6 found to be active against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The chloro-substituted compounds found to show anti-inflammatory activity.Â

Coating of alumina on ceno-spheres of fly-ash

A study is reported that fly-ash behaves as an excellent raw-material for synthesising hollow alumina composite. Coating of alumina onto the surface of ceno spheres was accomplished by controlled precipitation around pH-10. Dopants like Ni/Co have also been successfully tried. The resultant co-precipitated composites were then characterized using DTA, XRD,Particle size analysis and specific-gravity measurements. Calcination of co- precipitated samples at 1500°C, for 1h and haracterisation of the calcined product also discussed. The results indicate that alumina can be successfully coated on ceno-spheres