European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) and its adaptation to the Stanthorpe district, Queensland

European red mite was first recorded from Queensland in 1957 and has since become a serious pest of deciduous fruit orchards in the Stanthorpe district. Field observations over three seasons have shown that the hatching of overwintering eggs is broadly synchronized with green-tip of apples (mid September). The first deuteronymphs appear in early October and the resulting females produce summer eggs. Overwintering eggs may be laid as early as January on mite-damaged trees, but on healthy trees they are not produced until mid March. The critical photoperiod of Stanthorpe material (latitude 28°S.) has been determined as 13 hr at 15°C, and this is evidence that strains differing in photoperiodic adaptation exist in this species. Temperatures in the range -1° to 13°C have proved effective in terminating diapause over periods of 126 and 154 days. The seasonal history is discussed in the light of these data. The species appears well adapted to environmental conditions prevailing in the Stanthorpe district

Studies on codling moth control in the Stanthorpe district, Queensland

During the 1958-59 to 1962-63 seasons, nine trials were conducted to determine the value of new insecticides for the control of Cydia pomonella (L.) in apple orchards of the Stanthorpe district. The important materials under test were azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, carbophenothion, DDT, dioxathion, ethion, lead arsenate, Mesurol and phosphamidon. Treatments were applied according to predetermined programmes for each season. Other sprays, either alone or in combination with the test materials, were used to control diseases and pests other than codling moth. DDT exercised satisfactory control for codling moth in the 1958-59 trial but there was a marked reduction in efficacy in subsequent trials. Azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, carbaryl and Mesurol were the better treatments in later trials and have been recommended for codling moth control in the Stanthorpe district

Control of codling moth in the Stanthorpe district of Queensland

During the 1963-64 to 1965-66 seasons three spray trials were carried out to determine the value of new insecticides for the control of codling moth ( Cydia pomonella (L.)) in apple orchards in the Stanthorpe district. Materials tested were applied according to a commercial spray programme. Those tested were aminocarb, azinphos-methyl, Cidial, Carbamult, fenitrothion, lythidathion, methidathion, methiocarb, phosalone and Union Carbide 10854. Azinphos-methyl, methidathion and phosalone were the better treatments and have been recommended for codling moth control in the Stanthorpe district. Methiocarb substantially thinned Granny Smith apples

Potential markets for a satellite-based mobile communications system

The objective of the study was to define the market needs for improved land mobile communications systems. Within the context of this objective, the following goals were set: (1) characterize the present mobile communications industry; (2) determine the market for an improved system for mobile communications; and (3) define the system requirements as seen from the potential customer's viewpoint. The scope of the study was defined by the following parameters: (1) markets were confined to U.S. and Canada; (2) range of operation generally exceeded 20 miles, but this was not restrictive; (3) the classes of potential users considered included all private sector users, and non-military public sector users; (4) the time span examined was 1975 to 1985; and (5) highly localized users were generally excluded - e.g., taxicabs, and local paging

The Arm Motion (AMD) Detection Test

Stroke can lead to sensory deficits that impair functional control of arm movements. Here we describe a simple test of arm motion detection (AMD) that provides an objective, quantitative measure of movement perception related proprioceptive capabilities in the arm. Seven stroke survivors and thirteen neurologically intact control subjects performed the AMD test. In a series of ten trials that took less than 15 minutes to complete, participants used a two-button user interface to adjust the magnitude of hand displacements produced by a horizontal planar robot until the motions were just perceptible (i.e. on the threshold of detection). The standard deviation of movement detection threshold was plotted against the mean and a normative range was determined from the data collected with control subjects. Within this normative space, subjects with and without intact proprioception could be discriminated on a ratio scale that is meaningful for ongoing studies of degraded motor function. Thus, the AMD test provides a relatively fast, objective and quantitative measure of upper extremity proprioception of limb movement (i.e. kinesthesia)

Studies on codling moth control in the granite belt

The literature on Cydia pomonella (L.) in Queensland is reviewed. The details of six orchard trials during 1949-50, 1954-55 and 1956-57 are given. The materials used in the several spray programmes were DDT, DDD (TDE), diazinon, dieldrin, endrin, malathion, methoxychlor, and parathion. Treatments were applied according to pre-determined programmes for each season, additional sprays, either alone or in combination, being used to control pests other than codling moth. The results illustrate the variation in codling moth populations between orchards and seasons. Under the conditions of these trials none of the newer materials tested gave better results than DDT. It was concluded, therefore, that alterations to the existing codling moth spray programme cannot be justified

Intergenerational conflicts about social equity, expectations and obligations: lessons from the United States

"Justice across generations" has become a policy issue throughout the Western-industrial world during the past decade. Debate about intergenerational equity involves the distribution of resources and obligations across age groups and generations. Our analysis suggests that debate centres around five specific issues: (1) Conceptual confusions between age groups and family generations; (2) disagreements over the meaning of "equity"; (3) arguments about whether supporting the old is an unbearable public cost; (4) differing opinions about familial expectations, obligations and burdens; and (5) discrepancies between media coverage and empirical evidence on intergenerational relations. While these issues first surfaced in the United States, it can be expected that such disputes will arise in many other nations with similar economic environments, demographic profiles, and public sentiment regarding welfare and entitlement spending. We conclude by examining the potential for increased intergenerational solidarity as an outcome of discussions about equity

A review of data on abundance, trends in abundance, habitat use and diet of ice-breeding seals in the Southern Ocean

The development of models of marine ecosystems in the Southern Ocean is becoming increasingly important as a means of understanding and managing impacts such as exploitation and climate change. Collating data from disparate sources, and understanding biases or uncertainties inherent in those data, are important first steps for improving ecosystem models. This review focuses on seals that breed in ice habitats of the Southern Ocean (i.e. crabeater seal, Lobodon carcinophaga; Ross seal, Ommatophoca rossii; leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx; and Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii). Data on populations (abundance and trends in abundance), distribution and habitat use (movement, key habitat and environmental features) and foraging (diet) are summarised, and potential biases and uncertainties inherent in those data are identified and discussed. Spatial and temporal gaps in knowledge of the populations, habitats and diet of each species are also identified

Methotrexate Encephalopathy: Two Cases in Adult Cancer Patients, Who Recovered with Pathophysiologically Based Therapy

Background/Objectives: Neurotoxicity is a serious and sometimes fatal adverse effect that can occur following methotrexate treatment. We describe two adult patients with hematological malignancies with methotrexate encephalopathy who recovered with dextromethorphan therapy. Results: Case 1 : A 24-year-old male with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed the acute onset of bilateral facial weakness and slurred speech after his first treatment with high-dose intravenous methotrexate. The clinical scenario and a head magnetic resonance imaging supported a diagnosis of methotrexate encephalopathy. Treatment with dextromethorphan was coincident with recovery. Case 2 : A 65-year-old female with recurrent diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was treated with high- dose intravenous methotrexate. Two weeks after a cycle, she developed hypoactive delirium, marked lethargy, ocular ataxia, and a right-sided facial weakness. Within 2 days of starting dextromethorphan, there was improvement with clinical recovery. Conclusions: These two cases suggest that N -methyl d -aspartate receptor activation by homocysteine may play an important role in the pathogenesis of methotrexate neurotoxicity

Combining QCD Matrix Elements at Next-to-Leading Order with Parton Showers in Electroproduction

We present a method to combine next-to-leading order (NLO) matrix elements in QCD with leading logarithmic parton showers by applying a suitably modified version of the phase-space-slicing method. The method consists of subsuming the NLO corrections into a scale-dependent phase-space-slicing parameter, which is then automatically adjusted to cut out the leading order, virtual, soft and collinear contributions in the matrix element calculation. In this way a positive NLO weight is obtained, which can be redistributed by a parton shower algortihm. As an example, we display the method for single-jet inclusive cross sections at O(alpha_s) in electroproduction. We numerically compare the modified version of the phase-space-slicing method with the standard approach and find very good agreement on the percent level.Comment: 21 pages, 2 eps figures. Revised section 2. To appear in PR