Factors affecting retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes by analyzing the current status data

"nBackground: Diabetes is a chronic non-communicable disease with increasing prevalence. Retinopathy is one of the main complications of diabetes. Early diagnosis and treatment of retinopathy can reduce the risk of low vision and blindness. The aim of this study was to apply regression analysis of current status data to determine risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes being referred to the Ophthalmology Clinic of Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Iran."n "nMethods: In this analytical-observational study, 459 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the study and the ophthalmic examinations done by an ophthalmologist included visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement and slit-lamp examination. After pupil dilatation, funduscopy was done and the patients were classified according to ETDRS criteria. A proportional hazard model for current status data was used to identify the risk factors for retinopathy."n "nResults: The hazard rate of having retinopathy increased by 5% for an increase of one year in the duration of diabetes (p<0.05) and the hazard rate of having retinopathy was 1.1 times greater in patients who had used insulin for diabetes compared with other type 2 diabetes patients (p<0.05)."n "nConclusion: This study showed that a history of hypertension may reduce the risks of diabetic retinopathy. In patients with the early diagnosis of diabetes, regular examination of the fundus, blood sugar control and tight control of high blood pressure are recommended

Performance of Olive pit Ash\'s In Nitrate Removal from the Aqueous Solutions

introduction: Nitrate ion in drinking water has been found to have a significant effect against health human. Nitrate is an acute toxic it can be reduced to nitrite in the stomach when it can lead to have blue baby diseases in infants. This research is directed towards to elucidate the nitrate removal efficiency by kernel ashes of olive in water supply. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in a batch laboratory scale. The batch flow experiments for nitrate removal were undertaken to investigate the effects of the different parameters such as: initial concentrations of nitrate solution (50, 100, 150 mg/l), initial pH (3,5,7,9), detention time (15,30,60,120,180 min), and weight of adsorbent( .04, .06. .08 gr). Nitrate concentrations were measured by standard method using a spectrophotometer at two wavelengths 220 and 275 nm. Results: The Results obtained showed that the removal efficiency increases when the time and adsorbent dose is increased. By decreasing of pH value and the initial concentration of nitrate, the removal efficiency would be increased significantly. Investigation of the effect of nitrate initial concentration showed that increasing initial concentration of nitrate from 50 to 150 mg/l and without changing absorbent dose would lead to decrease in the absorption efficiency from 88% to 48% but the absorption capacity (qe) increased from 8.31 to 14.3. Moreover the maximum absorption took Place at 60 min of the first reaction. Conclusion: Nitrate removal by olive kernel ashes are considered as effective and appropriate method compared with other absorbents and the process is more efficient at acidic pH

Analysis of Effective Factors on Retinopathy Recognition in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes by Using Parametric Models and Cox model

Abstract Introduction: One of the most complications of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy which is one of the leading causes of visual loss and causes blindness of more than 10000 people annually. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective factors on Retinopathy recognition in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 400 patients with type 2 diabetes without retinopathy which had referred to the Ophthalmology Clinic of Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Iran in 2008 were enrolled in the study and they were examined from Retinopathy until Feb 2013. For identification of effective factors on retinopathy recognition we used semi-parametric Cox model and parametric models, exponential, Weibull, Log-normal and Log- logistic. Results: The use of aspirin 0.6 times (in Weibull model, Log-normal) and one times (in Cox model) increases the retinopathy recognition risk. In other words, it decreases the duration of retinopathy recognition in these persons. In this study the risk of recognition of diabetic retinopathy in the patients who had anemia is 1.4 times of patients which didn’t have these risk factors. Having anemia causes diabetic retinopathy recognition earlier. In this study it was observed that insulin caused a delay in the diagnosis of retinopathy and reduces the risk of diabetic retinopathy.     Conclusion: Blood sugar control, regular examination of the funds by an ophthalmologist in the early diagnosis of diabetes, control of aspirin use, diagnosis and treatment of anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes are recommended

Evaluations of Effective Factors on Efficiency Zinc Oxides Nanoparticles in Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Solution

Introduction: Cadmium is a heavy metal with high toxicity and is best known as a carcinogen element. For protecting human health and environment it is necessary to remove excess Cadmium from industrial wastewater before discharging it to surface and ground water. In this study the efficiency of Zinc Oxides Nanoparticles in Cadmium removal from aqueous solution was evaluated. Methods: This is a laboratory experimental study. Adsorption tests were performed in a batch reactor in a laboratory scale using zinc oxide nanoparticles and the effect of initial cadmium concentrations, adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time on the removal efficiency was studied. Theresidual cadmium concentration in the solutionwas determined using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy Varian AA20 made in Australia. Finally for designing graphs, we used Excel software. Results: The results indicated that the adsorption process is affected by different parameters such as initial pollutant concentrations, adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time and Cadmiumremoval efficiency increases with increasing adsorbent dose and reaction time and decreases with increasing initial concentration of Cadmium. Therefore, it is observed that by raising the initial Cadmium concentration, the adsorption rate increases. The maximum efficiency of adsorptionin pH=7amounted to 89.6%. Conclusion: It is concluded that Zinc Oxide nanoparticles have proper efficiency in removal of Cadmium from aqueous solutions and can be used in the treatment of wastewater that contains ion Cadmium. However, its efficiency is deeply dependent on ion strength and the interaction of other metals in wastewater

Evaluating Life Quality in Type II Diabetic Patients Compared to Healthy People and Presentating a Structural Model

Introduction: Life quality is regarded as one of the important concepts in diabetic mellitus as a chronic disease, which produces extensive effects on the social and individual performance. Regarding the short-term and long- term complications as well as expensive costs of this disease, the present study aimed to determine the life quality of these patients compared to non-diabetic people and ultimately, a structural model was presented. methods: This analytical study was carried out on 250 diabetic and 250 non-diabetic patients in Yazd. The standard life quality questionnaire (whoqol-bref) was utilized as the data collection tool containing a total of 26 questions and 4 domains of physical health, mental health, social health and environmental health. The study data were analyzed using SPSS software (ver.16) and Amos(21). Results: The study results demonstrated a significant difference between life quality of diabetic patients and healthy subjects (p<0.001), and the mean score of all the different domains of questionnaire proved to be lower in patients than healthy subjects. Path coefficients in the structural equation model proved to be significant (p<0.001). The path coefficient between the environmental and social health with the mental health was 0.62 and 0.76 respectively., and, it was reported 0.96 between the physical health and mental health Eighty-six percent of changes of the physical health variable was explained by the mental health variable and 96% of changes of the mental health variable was explained by the social and environmental health. Conclusion: The study findings revealed diabetes as a chronic disease that can severely affect the patients’ life quality. Every type of attempt in structural models of predicting physical health and life quality plays a meaningful role in alleviating these patients’ problems

Antiretroviral therapy adherence and its determinant factors among people living with HIV/AIDS: A case study in Iran

Abstract Objectives This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 122 Iranian people living with HIV (PWHIV), who referred to a behavioral diseases counseling center in 2018. The AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The study aimed to determine the level of medication adherence and its determinants in PWHIV. Results About 75.4% (confidence interval 67.2%–82.8%) of the samples had a good combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) adherence and 74.6% (n = 91) of them were sure about the positive effects of medications on their health. Patients reported that most important reasons for medication non-adherence included forgetfulness, high drug dosage, lack of knowledge about ART value, and transportation problems