The Effect of two Different Doses of Propofol Infusion on Cardiovascular Responses in Patients Candidate for Nasal Septoplastic Surgery

Background & aim: There is no general consensus on the minimum dose of propofol for maintenance of anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect(s) of two different doses of propofol on cardiovascular responses in patients undergoing Septoplasty surgery. Methods: In the present clinical-trial study, fifty-eight patients (15 to 55 years) candidate for nasal Septoplasty were randomly divided into two groups of A (propofol infusion dose 50µg/kg/min) and B (propofol infusion dose 100µg/kg/min). After induction of anesthesia and intubation, propofol infusion was started with two different doses. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures were measured at 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after initiation of infusion. The depth of anesthesia during the surgery and wake-up time was evaluated. The data were analyzed by independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, repeated measure and Freidman. Results: Wake up time in group A and B was (28.71±3.19) and (31.00±5.29) min respectively which no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Changes in heart rate and systolic blood pressure, diastolic and mean arterial at different minutes in each group compared with the other two groups showed no significant difference (p> 0.05). Conclusions: Increasing dose of propofol from 50µ/kg/min to 100µ/kg/min does not affect the depth of anesthesia, cardiovascular responses and wake up time, so a lower dose of propofol infusions is recommended during general anesthesia

Beyond 17% stable perovskite solar module via polaron arrangement of tuned polymeric hole transport layer

Operational stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is rapidly becoming one of the pressing bottlenecks for their upscaling and integration of such promising photovoltaic technology. Instability of the hole transport layer (HTL) has been considered as one of the potential origins of short life-time of the PSCs. In this work, by varying the molecular weight (MW) of doped poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) HTL, we improved by one order of magnitude the charge mobility inside the HTL and the charge transfer at the perovskite/HTL interface. We demonstrate that this occurs via the enhancement of polaron delocalization on the polymeric chains through the combined effect of doping strategy and MW tuning. By using high MW PTAA doped combining three different dopant, we demonstrate stable PSCs with typical power conversion efficiencies above 20%, retain more than 90% of the initial efficiency after 1080 hours thermal stress at 85 ⁰C and 87% of initial efficiency after 160 hours exposure against 1 sun light soaking. By using this doping-MW strategy, we realized perovskite solar modules with an efficiency of 17% on an active area of 43 cm2, keeping above 90% of the initial efficiency after 800 hours thermal stress at 85 ⁰C. These results, obtained in ambient conditions, pave the way toward the industrialization of PSC-based photovoltaic technology.Horizon 2020, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Winton Studentship, Lloyd's Register Foundation, Jardine Foundation, Cambridge Trust, EPSR