The Testimony as Evidence in the Light of Islamic Sharia Provisions (Applied Study of the Decisions of the Shari’a Court of Appeal and the Decisions of the Supreme Sharia Court in Jordan)

This research aims to show the impact of proving divorce lawsuits and money lawsuits by personal evidence (testimonial proof) on the decisions of the Sharia Supreme Court and the decisions of the Sharia Court of Appeal. The importance of the research lies in that it sheds light on the decisions of the Jordanian Sharia Supreme Court, which was recently established for the first time in the history of the Sharia judiciary in (2016) as the supreme reference for litigation in the Jordanian Sharia courts. The research reached several results, the most important of which is that the consequences of proving the lawsuits of divorce and money lawsuits by personal evidence are many and varied according to the diversity of the claimed right, including the continuation of the case, the confirmation of the claimed right, the judgment of the case as well as the dismissal of the case. Testimony (personal evidence) is also affected by the defenses raised against it when it is proven, and that is from two aspects, the first: this results in disqualification of this evidence and not being taken into account if the case is under consideration, and the second: in the event of the issuance of a verdict in the case, the witnesses shall be obliged to have a guarantee. The researcher recommended that the Sharia evidence be detailed in a special law independent from the Code of Sharia Court Procedure and called: The Jordanian Sharia Evidence Law , as is the case in the Civil Evidence Law

Zakat on Bonds in Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh): Theory and Practice

Bonds are one of the contemporary financial instruments that need more understanding, clarification and research, and most studies focus on the theoretical side of bonds without addressing the practical side. Fiqh opinions focused on the provisions of zakat of bonds, their quorum and the amount of zakat. But none of the Fiqh opinions or books specialized in zakat clarified the ways for calculating zakat of bonds of all kinds in detail. In this research, the Fiqh opinion will be linked to the calculation of zakat on various bonds through the use of the principles of financial accounting. Thus, this research will provide a practical and applied reference for calculating zakat of bonds, and to be a reference in this field for each of the bond owners and the seeker of Sharia knowledge through calculating zakat of bonds and clarified more by applied mathematical examples

Quantifying the Unproductive Water Lost as Evaporation from Different Irrigation Designs by Analysis of the Soil Stable Water Isotope Compositions

The knowledge about the intensive agricultural irrigation is very limited, but the use of irrigation is rapidly increasing. As an outcome, the sympathetic ecosystem is accepting modern irrigation that will play an essential function in the present and future for agricultural products. My dissertation will display the modification for investigation of the integration among atmosphere conditions and soil water content, analysis of the stable water isotopes results, fieldwork of experiments, and quantifying unproductive water losses as evaporation ratio from the irrigation designs. This study was covered largely the territories of the Pacific Northwest in the US, in summer over three years, and these farms were alfalfa, corn, potato, and a hazelnut field. My research goal of this academic work that is a study a detailed investigation and analysis of the water lost as evaporation, which is influenced via using various irrigation designs and thus improves agriculture economically. Moreover, this study described the advantages of the isotopic compositions technique that used in this dissertation. The first section of this dissertation contains an experimental study to assess the influence of irrigation structural configurations on evaporation losses in semiarid agricultural systems by using stable water isotopes. During mid-summer 2017 in eastern Oregon and southeast Washington, we collected soil samples at multiple positions and depths around the central irrigation tower from four different agricultural fields, each with both Mid Elevation Spray Application (MESA) and Low Elevation Spray Application (LESA) configurations. We measured the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratio of soil water at MESA and LESA field locations using H2O liquid–H2O vapor equilibration laser spectroscopy. Though soil moisture contents were similar, the average isotope ratio of soil water under LESA irrigation (δD= -114.5‰, δ18O= -14.5‰) had lower values than under MESA irrigation (δD = -108.2‰, δ18O = -13.1‰). Calculated E/I values demonstrated higher sprinkler and soil water evaporation occurring at the MESA irrigated locations (E/I=16.1 %) compared to the LESA irrigated locations (E/I=9.0 %). We find that LESA systems have lower non-productive water losses than MESA systems and are thereby more efficient users of applied water. Our results suggest that stable water isotopes provide a technique for improving the management of water resources through the assessment of irrigation efficiency. The second section is included the results of the differences in soil evaporation between row and interrow positions in furrowed agricultural fields. At Hermiston city, Oregon, soil evaporation from the row and interrow positions within potato fields of contrasting irrigation timing (daytime vs nighttime) was estimated based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios. Samples collected throughout the 2016 growing season were measured and used to calculate soil evaporation (E) losses relative to applied irrigation (I). On average, row positions were more enriched in heavy isotopes than interrow positions, indicating that the evaporated fraction of applied irrigation (E/I) depends on the position. Within the day irrigated field the estimated (mean ± standard deviation) E/I ratios determined from both stable isotopes for May, July, and September were 18±8%, 10±3% and 19±5% for row samples and 15±6%, 7±2% and 12±4% for interrow samples. Within the night irrigated field during these same months, the E/I ratios were 13±12%, 16±7% and 13±5% for row samples and 12±7%, 9±2% and 6±2% for interrow samples, respectively. These results reveal that there is more evaporation from the row, as compared with interrow, positions. Therefore, management strategies and practices for water conservation should take into account larger non-productive soil evaporation losses from within rows to minimize evaporative soil water losses. The third section of our dissertation that is estimating evaporation by using stable water isotope from a hazelnut farm with two designs of drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is often considered an efficient means of water delivery, however how the efficiency changes as more emitted are added to a system is unclear as additional water may be lost to evaporation before it can be taken up by roots. In this study, non-productive soil evaporation losses are estimated based on the hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of soil moisture for a hazelnut field in the Willamette Valley of the Pacific Northwest. Soil samples from the hazelnut field under single-line and double-line drip irrigation treatments were collected in summer 2018 at multiple depths from different positions in the tree rows. The stable isotope ratio of soil water in these samples was measured using H2O liquid - H2O Vapor equilibration laser spectroscopy. Our results show average 2H/1H and 18O/16O isotope ratios of the single line with drip irrigation were higher than the double line with drip irrigation. These results suggest that less soil evaporation occurred from the double-line drip irrigation (E/I = 17.33 ±6%) when compared to the single-line treatment (E/I = 20.93 ±6.5%), which also had higher soil moisture levels than the single line with drip irrigation that irrigated during the day. This suggests that increasing the number of drip emitters can lead to an increase in the efficiency of drip irrigation when efficiency is defined as the fraction applied that is used productively by plants

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)