Analysis of some physiological indicators in tomato plants to characterize the effects of additional lighting with blue, red and white LEDs

The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in vegetable species is one of the technological procedures applied to improve the spectral composition of light in protected areas, as well as to stimulate plant growth, obtaining high values of production and increasing resistance to conditions of culture. The biological material represented by tomato seedlings, from varieties with nutritional value and with high ecological plasticity, was studied in terms of characterizing the effects of applying the treatment using light fields emitted by blue, red and white LEDs, by analysis physiological parameters, such as: photosynthesis intensity (μmols CO2m-2s -1), transpiration intensity (mmoles H2O m-2s -1), stomatal conductance (mols H2O m-2s -1) and intercellular carbon dioxide (mmol CO2 mol-1 air). In this study, the estimation of the amount of total chlorophyll (mg m-2), was also investigated. The determinations of the physiological parameters were performed in 3 series, and the recorded results were statistically analysed, by expressing the significance of the differences between the control and the studied tomato varieties being studied. Thus, after the treatment period, applied in 23 days (Series II), with monochrome LEDs, at the level of the stomatal conductance parameter, statistically assured values were registered for the plants in the ‘L-75’ line exposed to White LED and for those in the ‘L-76’ line exposed to the Blue LED. The analysis of the results from the investigation of the physiological parameters at the level of the leaves from the experimental samples indicated that after 35 days (Series III), from the application of the treatments of 30 minutes/day, with White LED light, they ensured the plants tomatoes from the ‘L-76’ line, distinctly significantly positive values, compared to those of the control plants, at the intensity of photosynthesis and the internal concentration of CO2

Spatial distribution of climate indices

The spatial distribution of precipitation, temperature and climate indices has been represented in the Emilia-Romagna region with an aim to characterize its climate. The Johansson Continentality Index, the Kerner Oceanity Index, the De Martonne Aridity Index and the Pinna Combinative Index are the climate indices used in the present report based on data from 21 meteorological stations located in Emilia-Romagna and its surroundings. The analysed climate data are from the 1961–1990 period. Monthly precipitation and temperature diagrams from the Borgo Panigale station were computed for use in agricultural fields, hydrological sciences and climatology applications. Based on the findings of the climate analysis, the spatial variation of climate indices was estimated using the Kriging ordinary function, available in ArcGIS 10.2.2 environment

Late Implant Treatment for the Early Loss of First Mandibular Molars in Young Patients

The replacement of a single missing molar is a common procedure in implant dentistry, but also a challenging one. For an edentulous space limited by intact adjacent teeth, the implant solution is the best and should become a standard therapy even in our country. The first permanent mandibular molar is the most frequent extraction-prone tooth and its loss, usually as a result of caries and pulpal symptoms during the mixed dentition stage, can happen almost immediate after its eruption as a result of its early exposure to the oral environment. The aim of this article is to review the prosthetic consequences following early extraction of the first permanent mandibular molar and to highlight the constraints that appear in later implant treatment planning for young patients that for various reasons refuse the orthodontic treatment. Restorative and prosthetic methods for the improvement of these situations are illustrated in three clinical cases