A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Turkey's Water Resources Potential

One of the most basic human needs is water, which is also needed to create all the nutrients required for nutrition. For this reason, water is the basic element of life. While the presence of underground mines and oil is an indicator of the wealth of a country, the existence of water resources is now considered a part of this group. A hundred years ago, the existing water availability in a country was a direct indicator of the water wealth of that country. However, as a result of the increase in industrialization and the rapid pollution of water resources, it has become a necessity to evaluate water not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of quality. Because the unit water value of a source is related to the number of different purposes that source can be used for, the more varied a water resource’s application, the more valuable it is. Sometimes one unit of very clean water is more valuable than a hundred units of dirty water. For this reason, the value of a country's water resources should be evaluated not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of quality. In this study, the total surface water as rivers and lakes and groundwater of Turkey were examined in terms of quantity and quality on a basin basis, and assessments were made about the basin water potentials. While the amount of water in 25 water basins in Turkey does not show a significant change over time, a serious changing draws attention in terms of quality, especially in the last 50 years. The change in the amount of water in the basin primarily manifests itself in the form of a decrease in the water levels of rivers, lakes and groundwater. This process arises due to the effects of global warming and climate change, which is a global problem that concerns the whole world. However, pollution in water resources and making the water resource unusable are all related to the fact that the regulations on the protection of water are not adequately implemented and people do not act consciously. In other words, although quantitative reduction is a global problem, the quality problem is related to the polluting factors in the region of that resource. In a country with a very high population growth rate, the decrease in the per capita water potential and the rapid increase in the pollution in the existing resources leads to a steady decline in the availability of usable water resources. In this study, attention was drawn to point and diffuse pollution on the basis of water presence and water source on the basis of basin, and an evaluation of Turkey's water resources in terms of quantity and quality was made

Artificial neural network modeling for deciphering the in vitro induced salt stress tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L)

MakaleWOS:000921780200002PubMed ID: 36875725Salt stress is one of the most critical abiotic stresses having significant contribution in global agriculture production. Chickpea is sensitive to salt stress at various growth stages and a better knowledge of salt tolerance in chickpea would enable breeding of salt tolerant varieties. During present investigation, in vitro screening of desi chickpea by continuous exposure of seeds to NaCl-containing medium was performed. NaCl was applied in the MS medium at the rate of 6.25, 12.50, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mM. Different germination indices and growth indices of roots and shoots were recorded. Mean germination (%) of roots and shoots ranged from 52.08 to 100%, and 41.67-100%, respectively. The mean germination time (MGT) of roots and shoots ranged from 2.40 to 4.78 d and 3.23-7.05 d. The coefficient of variation of the germination time (CVt) was recorded as 20.91-53.43% for roots, and 14.53-44.17% for shoots. The mean germination rate (MR) of roots was better than shoots. The uncertainty (U) values were tabulated as 0.43-1.59 (roots) and 0.92-2.33 (shoots). The synchronization index (Z) reflected the negative impact of elevated salinity levels on both root and shoot emergence. Application of NaCl exerted a negative impact on all growth indices compared to control and decreased gradually with elevated NaCl concentration. Results on salt tolerance index (STI) also revealed the reduced STI with elevated NaCl concentration and STI of roots was less than shoot. Elemental analysis revealed more Na and Cl accumulation with respective elevated NaCl concentrations. The In vitro growth parameters and STI values validated and predicted by multilayer perceptron (MLP) model revealed the relatively high R-2 values of all growth indices and STI. Findings of this study will be helpful to broaden the understanding about the salinity tolerance level of desi chickpea seeds under in vitro conditions using various germination indices and seedling growth indices