Nonequational Stable Groups

We introduce a combinatorial criterion for verifying whether a formula is not the conjunction of an equation and a co-equation. Using this, we give a transparent proof for the nonequationality of the free group, which was originally proved by Sela. Furthermore, we extend this result to arbitrary free products of groups (except $\mathbb{Z}_2*\mathbb{Z}_2$), providing an abundance of new stable nonequational theories.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figur

Traditional and Modern Biomedical Prospecting: Part I—the History: Sustainable Exploitation of Biodiversity (Sponges and Invertebrates) in the Adriatic Sea in Rovinj (Croatia)

Nature, especially the marine environment, provides the most effective drugs used in human therapy. Among the metazoans, the marine sponges (phylum Porifera), which are sessile filter feeders, produce the most potent and highly selective bioactive secondary metabolites. These animals (or their associated symbiotic microorganisms) synthesize secondary metabolites whose activity and selectivity has developed during their long evolutionary history (evochemistry). The exploitation of these resources has become possible due to the progress in molecular and cell biology. BIOTECmarin, the German Center of Excellence follows this rationale. In the past, these animals have been successfully and extensively utilized to isolate bioactive compounds and biomaterials for human benefit. Pharmaceuticals prepared from marine animals, primarily sponges, have been applied since ancient times (Hippocrates, Aristotle and later Plinius). It has been reported that extracts and/or components from sponges can be used for the treatment of specific diseases. For a systematic and applied-oriented exploitation, the successful development of effective compounds largely depends on quality of the institutional infrastructure of marine stations and more so on the biodiversity. The Center for Marine Research in Rovinj (Croatia) fulfils these prerequisites. Founded in 1891, this institute has to its credit major discoveries related to exploitation of secondary metabolites/biomaterials from sponges for therapeutical application and to obtain biomaterials for general wellbeing. This is the first part of a review focusing on biomedical prospecting. Here, we have mainly described the historic background. The details of techniques, substances, approaches and outlooks will be discussed in the second part

Biogas production vs. dung combustion as household energy in rural Ethiopia

The objective of the study was to investigate the potential of dung as primary and secondary energy source, i.e. direct combustion of dung and combustion of its secondary products biogas or dried digestate, under consideration of its quality as fertilizer. The results of the analysis show the similarity of dung and digestate regarding combustion characteristics. Fertilizer values proved better for digestate. However, calorific value of dung proved much lower than those of biogas. Thus, biogas represents a good alternative energy source with double benefit. Besides its better combustion characteristics compared to dried dung, it also delivers a superior fertilizer

Model-theoretic properties of nilpotent groups and Lie algebras

We give a systematic study of the model theory of generic nilpotent groups and Lie algebras. We show that the Fra\"iss\'e limit of 2-nilpotent groups of exponent $p$ studied by Baudisch is 2-dependent and NSOP$_{1}$. We prove that the class of $c$-nilpotent Lie algebras over an arbitrary field, in a language with predicates for a Lazard series, is closed under free amalgamation. We show that for $2 < c$, the generic $c$-nilpotent Lie algebra over $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ is strictly NSOP$_{4}$ and $c$-dependent. Via the Lazard correspondence, we obtain the same result for $c$-nilpotent groups of exponent $p$, for an odd prime $p > c$

Die Darstellung kindlichen Übergewichts und Adipositas im Deutschen Ärzteblatt von 1949 - 2017

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Darstellung kindlichen Übergewichts und Adipositas im Deutschen Ärzteblatt. Zu diesem Zweck wurde im Untersuchungszeitraum von 1949 bis 2017 die Anzahl von 59 Artikeln zum Thema identifiziert und nach der Methode der Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring untersucht. Sämtliche Aussagen zu den Kategorien Artikelformat, Ursachen, Bedeutung und Folgen, Interventionsziele und Interventionsansätze wurden quantitativ und qualitativ erfasst und analysiert. Die Darstellung kindlichen Übergewichts und Adipositas im Deutschen Ärzteblatt ändert sich im Verlauf der Zeit. Die 59 Artikel zum Thema verteilen sich ganz überwiegend auf die Jahre 1994-2008, während die Artikelzahlen ab 2009 zurückgingen. Dies steht im Gegensatz zum Verlauf der Artikelzahlen bei PubMed. Es wurden verschiedene Gründe für diese Diskrepanz diskutiert: Ein schwindender Optimismus bezüglich der Prävention und Therapie aufgrund ernüchternder Studienergebnisse stellt eine Erklärung dar. Unterstützt wird diese Ernüchterung durch die zunehmende Erkenntnis, dass es sich bei Adipositas um ein komplexes Problem handelt, dessen Entstehung sich nicht nur durch individuelle, sondern vor allem durch strukturelle und gesellschaftliche Faktoren erklären lässt. Die Betrachtung von Adipositas und Übergewicht als ein individuelles Problem ist im Deutschen Ärzteblatt stark repräsentiert. Dies zeigt sich an Aussagen, die individuelles Verhalten als ursächlich benennen, an der Fokussierung persönlicher Folgen für Betroffene und an der Forderung und Empfehlung von Verhaltensänderung als Gegenmaßnahme. Das Deutsche Ärzteblatt trägt durch diese Darstellung nicht dazu bei, dem Thema auf der politischen Agenda mehr Priorität zukommen zu lassen

"Creixent saber, l·ignorança·s desperta" - Ausiàs Marchs Cant CXIII und die Grenzen des menschlichen Wissens

Summary: The social and cultural transformations that occur in occidental Europe in the later Middle Ages have an impact on the diversification and diffusion of knowledge. Through the increasing number of scientific texts in vernacular language, knowledge formerly reserved for the clergy becomes accessible for literate laymen. The importance of this phenomenon becomes evident with authors such as Ausiàs March, who incorporate into their literary language philosophical, theological, medical or technical notions and concepts. The present paper proposes an interpretation of March’s Cant CXIII which focuses on his use of what we call the ‘discourses of knowledge’ (Wissensdiskurse). With regard to the main argument of the text – the capacity of man to understand the truth is limited, human knowledge is vain – the poet follows the ideas propagated by the church. However, at the same time, he uses these scientific discourses (above all notions and concepts of Aristotelian psychology and ethics) for his description and analysis of human behaviour. What at first glance seems to be a paradox, is, in fact, characteristic of the contemporary attempts to reconcile the new knowledge about man and cosmos with the Christian world vision. Yet, the tension between ‘human science’ and ‘divine science’ (which intensified in the following centuries) is perceptible in March’s poem. [Keywords: Catalan literature, Ausiàs March, human knowledge, psychology, moral philosophy]