The crucial role of the facilitator

Facilitation is a practice with many areas of application: participatory planning, environmental governance and natural resource management are some areas with a high focus on facilitation. Within these different areas, the practice is supposed to empower citizens, revitalise democracy and tackle the sustainability challenge. With an increasing demand in participatory decision-making, planning and other citizens-based approaches, the demand for facilitation is growing, and so is research regarding the topic. Studies conducted on the field of facilitation have contributed to a better understanding of the practice. However, while research is focusing heavily on involved actors in facilitation, the facilitators’ construction of identity remains under-explored. Previous research focusing on the facilitator identified practical dilemmas facilitators face by looking into deliberative theory. Yet, research on facilitation did not reveal how practitioners construct their identity in a process. This is essential since the role of a facilitator depends on differing ideas practitioners draw on when facilitating. Further, the idea of identity matters insofar as it guides the practitioners work during practicing. Therefore, it is problematic that we know little about how facilitators construct their identity. This thesis addresses this knowledge gap by providing valuable insights into the lifeworld of facilitators in a natural resource management context. Interviews were conducted with practitioners and these are used as a foundation for the thesis. The study uncovers embedded ideas about identity practitioners draw on when facilitating. With the help of frame analysis, I identify underlying ideas and understandings facilitators draw on when constructing their identity. The analysis brought forward four identity frames practitioners draw on when facilitating, whereas some practitioners draw on more than one frame in a facilitated process. The identified frames are an equality frame, authority frame, expert frame, and neutrality frame. Further, the identified frames yield a range of tensions facilitators face when practicing facilitation. First, the results show that there are conflicting identities embedded in facilitation practice. Moreover, tension among the equality and authority frame arise as practitioners are owners of the process using their authority to level out differences among participants while not dominating the process. In addition, facilitators face a dilemma of being experts in the field of facilitation (expert frame) while at the same time not acknowledging the groups’ desires (equality and neutrality frame). The thesis’ strength is the foundation of empirical material and has therefore a high practical value for the practice of facilitation. This study then not only adds a better comprehension of how facilitators construct their identity, but also helps to understand how facilitators approach challenges within the practice of facilitation. Therefore, the thesis yields a contribution to the practical field of facilitation and additionally, adds empirical depth to theoretical work on deliberative democracy. Overall, the conducted frame analysis on interviews with facilitators reveals insights into the practice of facilitation. Thus, this thesis intends to create a basis for reflective practice for practitioners conducting facilitation

Storytelling to save the planet: who gets to say what is sustainable, who tells the stories, and who should listen and change?

In the last decade, storytelling has been popularised as a method for societal sustainability transformations. With this growing popularity, there has also been a rapid increase in those identifying as storytellers. Perhaps because storytelling for sustainability has an innocent ring to it, it has not yet been studied from a power perspective. However, as it is fast-spreading and has explicit change purposes, it is important to clarify assumptions about knowledge, power and change. This article offers a first step towards understanding and evaluating the wide variety of applications behind the label of storytelling for sustainability. We perform a frame analysis of how storytellers describe their storytelling for sustainability. Our findings demonstrate that the label of storytelling for sustainability encompasses fundamentally different ideas about whose knowledge counts. The article raises critical questions that can help assess the legitimacy and appropriateness of different applications of storytelling for sustainability