TLR2 and TLR4 triggering exerts contrasting effects with regard to HIV-1 infection of human dendritic cells and subsequent virus transfer to CD4+ T cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Recognition of microbial products through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiates inflammatory responses orchestrated by innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). As these cells are patrolling mucosal surfaces, a portal of entry for various pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), we investigated the impact of TLR stimulation on productive HIV-1 infection of DCs and viral spreading to CD4⁺T cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We report here that engagement of TLR2 on DCs increases HIV-1 transmission toward CD4⁺T cells by primarily affecting <it>de novo </it>virus production by DCs. No noticeable and consistent effect was observed following engagement of TLR5, 7 and 9. Additional studies indicated that both HIV-1 infection of DCs and DC-mediated virus transmission to CD4⁺T cells were reduced upon TLR4 triggering due to secretion of type-I interferons.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>It can thus be proposed that exposure of DCs to TLR2-binding bacterial constituents derived, for example, from pathogens causing sexually transmissible infections, might influence the process of DC-mediated viral dissemination, a phenomenon that might contribute to a more rapid disease progression.</p

Validating intravascular imaging with serial optical coherence tomography and confocal fluorescence microscopy

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are characterized by the formation of a plaque in the arterial wall. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) provides high-resolution images allowing delineation of atherosclerotic plaques. When combined with near infrared fluorescence (NIRF), the plaque can also be studied at a molecular level with a large variety of biomarkers. In this work, we present a system enabling automated volumetric histology imaging of excised aortas that can spatially correlate results with combined IVUS/NIRF imaging of lipid-rich atheroma in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Pullbacks in the rabbit aortas were performed with a dual modality IVUS/NIRF catheter developed by our group. Ex vivo three-dimensional (3D) histology was performed combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal fluorescence microscopy, providing high-resolution anatomical and molecular information, respectively, to validate in vivo findings. The microscope was combined with a serial slicer allowing for the imaging of the whole vessel automatically. Colocalization of in vivo and ex vivo results is demonstrated. Slices can then be recovered to be tested in conventional histology

Caractérisation du rôle de LFA-1 dans l'infection des lymphocytes T CD4+ par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2005-2006Le HAART a véritablement révolutionné le traitement anti-VIH en diminuant la morbidité et la mortalité dues au SIDA. Toutefois, les succès demeurent partiels, car avec le temps l’apparition de souches résistantes diminue l’efficacité du traitement. L’un des défis du deuxième millénaire consiste à développer de nouvelles classes d’inhibiteurs efficaces à long terme, spécifiques et non toxiques. La compréhension des événements moléculaires et cellulaires intervenant lors de l’adsorption et de l’entrée du virus dans les cellules cibles représente actuellement une des voies abondamment étudiées. Mon projet de doctorat a ciblé deux facteurs cellulaires participant au processus infectieux du VIH-1. L’objectif premier consistait à déterminer l’influence de la molécule d’adhésion ICAM 1, ancrée dans l’enveloppe du VIH-1, et de son récepteur principal, l’intégrine LFA 1, lors des événements précoces du cycle viral. Les résultats obtenus confirment l’intervention active de l’ICAM-1 et du LFA-1 lors de l’attachement et de l’entrée du VIH 1 dans les lymphocytes T CD4+, un processus lié directement à l’état d’activation de l’intégrine sur les lymphocytes T. La liaison du virus aux intégrines induit des événements de signalisation qui sont favorables à la génération du pore de fusion. Ce phénomène augmente par conséquent l’accès du virus dans le cytoplasme des lymphocytes T CD4+ par la fusion des membranes virale et cellulaire. L’interaction entre les deux molécules d’adhérences permet aux virus de s’orienter vers des cellules hautement permissives à l’infection virale, lesquelles expriment des quantités élevées de LFA-1 dans un état d’affinité intermédiaire. Ces données indiquent que le LFA-1 est un cofacteur cellulaire non négligeable dans la pathogenèse virale, particulièrement lors des événements initiaux de l’infection.Since the first isolation of HIV in 1983, huge progress has been made in understanding the biology of the virus and the pathogenesis related to viral infection. HAART has truly revolutionized anti-HIV treatment and reduces AIDS-associated mortality and morbidity. However, the emergence of drug-resistant viruses has decreased the efficiency of HAART. Hence, development of more potent and less toxic drugs than those currently in use represents the next challenges. Recent insights into molecular events involved in viral attachment and entry processes have permitted creation of fusion inhibitors, a new class of anti-HIV drugs. Unfortunately, a number of recent studies revealed that HIV can develop resistance against these new inhibitors. Thus, the understanding of cellular factors collaborating in the early steps of HIV life cycle should be helpful in development of anti HIV drugs that might be less sensitive to viral mutations. The principal goal of this project was to investigate whether HIV-1-anchored host ICAM-1 participates in the initial steps of HIV 1 life cycle by its interaction with the integrin LFA-1 on target cells. Results confirm the determinant role of this cellular interaction during attachment and entry of viral particles into CD4+ T lymphocytes, a phenomenon linked to the activation status of LFA 1. Altogether, these data provide additional clues of the active role played by HIV-1-anchored ICAM-1 and host LFA-1 in the viral life cycle. Such information could be useful in the development of complementary drugs working in combination with fusion inhibitors

LFA-1 Is a Key Determinant for Preferential Infection of Memory CD4(+) T Cells by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Memory CD4(+) T cells are considered a stable latent reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and a barrier to eradication of this retroviral infection in patients under therapy. It has been shown that memory CD4(+) T cells are preferentially infected with HIV-1, but the exact mechanism(s) responsible for this higher susceptibility remains obscure. Previous findings indicate that incorporation of host-derived intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in HIV-1 increases virus infectivity. To measure the putative involvement of virus-anchored ICAM-1 in the preferential infection of memory cells by HIV-1, quiescent and activated naive and memory T-cell subsets were exposed to isogenic virions either lacking or bearing ICAM-1. Memory CD4(+) T cells were found to be more susceptible than naive CD4(+) T cells to infection with ICAM-1-bearing virions, as exemplified by a more important virus replication, an increase in integrated viral DNA copies, and a more efficient entry process. Interactions between virus-associated host ICAM-1 and cell surface LFA-1 under a cluster formation seem to be responsible for the preferential HIV-1 infection of the memory cell subset. Altogether, these data shed light on a potential mechanism by which HIV-1 preferentially targets long-lived memory CD4(+) T cells

Tetraspanin CD81 Provides a Costimulatory Signal Resulting in Increased Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gene Expression in Primary CD4(+) T Lymphocytes through NF-κB, NFAT, and AP-1 Transduction Pathways

The tetraspanin superfamily member CD81 has been shown to form microdomains in the plasma membrane and to participate in the recruitment of numerous adhesion molecules, receptors, and signaling proteins in the central zone of the immune synapse. Beside its structural role, CD81 also delivers a cosignal for T cells to trigger cytokine production and cellular proliferation, thus suggesting a key role in some fundamental biological functions. It has been shown that signaling events initiated through the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex and the coactivator CD28 positively affect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene expression, but no study had investigated the putative costimulatory activity of CD81 on HIV-1 transcriptional activity. We observed that CD81 engagement potentiates TCR/CD3-mediated signaling, resulting in an enhancement of HIV-1 transcription and de novo virus production in both established Jurkat cells and primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes at a magnitude that approximates that with CD28. These observations were made by using transiently transfected plasmids (i.e., nonintegrated viral DNA) and fully competent viruses (i.e., stably integrated provirus). Moreover, the CD81-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 gene expression is linked with increased nuclear translocation of transcription factors known to positively regulate virus transcription, i.e., NF-κB, NFAT, and AP-1. These findings suggest that engagement of CD81 decreases the signaling threshold required to initiate TCR/CD3-mediated induction of integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA in primary CD4(+) T cells

Chapitre 4. Les sciences sociales de l’environnement dans un contexte d’interdisciplinarité : une réflexion étudiante québécoise

Chroniques sibériennes :la dure réalité du terrain…« Aujourd’hui, 26 juillet 2003, je suis au bout de la route. 600 km au nord d’Oulan Oudé, la capitale Bouriate. Sur la carte, la route s’arrête ici, juste avant ce pont. Mais en vérité, ce trait pointillé, cette route d’hiver comme il y en a tant en Sibérie, eh bien, je le sais, parfois, en été, il y a de gros camions qui l’empruntent sur 180 km pour aller décharger leurs pommes de terre de l’autre côté des montagnes. Deux jours, parfois plus..