Evolutionary history of a prominent North American warbler clade: The Oporornis–Geothlypis complex

The avian genera Oporornis and Geothlypis are thought to represent a single lineage of closely related New World wood-warbler (AOU Family Parulidae) species. Phylogenetic relationships within this assemblage have not yet been addressed using molecular genetic methods. We used sequence data from three mitochondrial (mtDNA) genes (cytochrome b, ND2, and control region) to reconstruct an hypothesis of relationships for this group. Our ingroup sampling included 34 individuals representing all currently recognized Oporornis (4 spp.) and Geothlypis (9 spp.) species. Our results indicate that Geothlypis is paraphyletic with respect to Oporornis formosus. The four members of Oporornis do not form a clade but instead comprise a grade at the base of the Oporornis–Geothlypis topology. Two species within Geothlypis are polyphyletic. The Costa Rican form of G. aequinoctialis is embedded within the Neotropical G. semiflava complex, and the widespread North American form G. trichas consists of at least two groups, each having a closer affinity to other Geothlypis species than with each other. Five Geothlypis species differ from one another on average by about 2% uncorrected (cytochrome b) divergence, indicating a rapid and recent radiation within this genus. Our phylogenetic hypothesis for this assemblage indicates that morphological characters such as size and plumage brightness that have traditionally defined relationships with Geothlypis are not concordant with molecular data. Most members of Geothlypis are sedentary whereas all members of Oporornis are long-distance Nearctic migrants. Our topology suggests that Geothlypis is derived from a migrant, Oporornis-like ancestor that ceased migration and established itself as a sedentary breeding population in the Neotropics. We speculate that an ecological switch from forested to more open habitats at this time led to range expansion and diversification in this new lineage

Phylogenetic and Molecular Analysis of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Mexico during the First Reported Outbreaks (2013–2017)

The characteristics of the whole PEDV genome that has circulated in Mexico from the first outbreak to the present are unknown. We chose samples obtained from 2013 to 2017 and sequenced them, which enabled us to identify the genetic variation and phylogeny in the virus during the first four years that it circulated in Mexico. A 99% identity was found among the analyzed pandemic strains; however, the 1% difference affected the structure of the S glycoprotein, which is essential for the binding of the virus to the cellular receptor. The S protein induces the most efficacious antibodies; hence, these changes in structure could be implicated in the clinical antecedents of the outbreaks. Antigenic changes could also help PEDV avoid neutralization, even in the presence of previous immunity. The characterization of the complete genome enabled the identification of three circulating strains that have a deletion in ORF1a, which is present in attenuated Asian vaccine strains. The phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome indicates that the first PEDV outbreaks in Mexico were caused by INDEL strains and pandemic strains related to USA strains; however, the possibility of the entry of European strains exists, which may have caused the 2015 and 2016 outbreaks

Aportes del Consultorio Jurídico y Centro de Conciliación de CECAR en la resolución de conflictos, años 2018-2020

El rol del Consultorio Jurídico y Centro de Conciliación de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Corporación Universitaria del Caribe-CECAR en el departamento de Sucre, pretende determinar el papel que juega este consultorio jurídico en el desarrollo y la calidad de vida de todos los habitantes del departamento de Sucre, siendo una oficina con las puertas abiertas ubicada en la capital Sincelejo; pero con brigadas jurídicas realizadas constantemente a todos los municipios del departamento, trasladándose así todos los funcionarios con la finalidad de ofrecer y prestar los servicios que legalmente pueden realizar, cumpliendo así con un precepto constitucional y dándole desarrollo a una proyección social determinante