9 research outputs found
Study setting and similarities in sand fly species composition (A) Multinomial clusters, the black and grey solid lines are, respectively, the multinomial cluster boundaries for the 6 most abundant species in the domiciles and peridomiciles.
<p>Black symbols represent houses inside the two clusters and grey symbols represent houses outside at least one cluster (B) Agglomerative clusters of the SĆørensen index for species similarity in the studied houses (C) SĆørensen index of species similarity as function of between house distance.</p
Map of PanamĆ”, showing the location of Trinidad de Las Minas, Capira, El Cacao County, Capira District, Western PanamĆ” province.
<p>Map of PanamĆ”, showing the location of Trinidad de Las Minas, Capira, El Cacao County, Capira District, Western PanamĆ” province.</p
Control and insecticide fogged houses at Trinidad de Las Minas, Capira. In the y and x axis 0.001 degree of latitude/longitude are approximately 110ā m.
<p>Control and insecticide fogged houses at Trinidad de Las Minas, Capira. In the y and x axis 0.001 degree of latitude/longitude are approximately 110ā
m.</p
Sand fly diversity sampling (A) Species accumulation curve for all the traps (peridomicilary and domiciliary, control and fogged) (B) Chao2 index on the cumulative incidence of species in the traps monitored during the study period, dotted lines are for the 95% confidence intervals and dots represent the estimates (C) Species accumulation curve for all the traps (domiciliary and peridomiciliary) of the fogged houses (D) Species accumulation curve for all the traps (domiciliary and peridomiciliary) of the control houses.
<p>(A), (C) and (D) present results for the rarefaction based species accumulation curve as function of trap nights.</p
Multinomial Scan Statistics.
<p>Here we show the main clusters of the six most abundant species in the domicile and peridomicile (Environment). Houses indicate the houses included in each spatial cluster, sand fly abundance are the observed counts and observed/expected the ratio between the sand fly counts and the expectation from the null model with a spatially homogeneous multinomial distribution. Tā=ātotal, Aā=ā<i>Lutzomyia trapidoi</i>, Bā=ā<i>Lu. gomezi,</i> C<i>ā=āLu. panamensis,</i> Dā=ā<i>Lu. olmeca,</i> E<i>ā=āLu. triramula,</i> F<i>ā=āLu. dysponeta</i>. For the analysis we assumed the maximum cluster size to be one covering 50% of the sampled sand flies and we allowed the clusters to have ellipsoidal shapes.</p><p>doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053289.t002</p
Temporal dynamics of phlebotomine sand fly species (A) Richness (B) Evenness in the domiciliary (Dom) and peridomiciliary (Per) environments of the control and fogged houses.
<p>In (A) dotted vertical lines indicate the timing of the foggings with deltamethrin.</p
Domiciliary and Peridomiciliary phlebotomine sand fly species richness in control and fogged houses.
<p>Species accumulation curve for (A) Fogged Domicile (B) Fogged Peridomicile (C) Control Domicile, (D) Control Peridomicile.).</p
Resilience to Pain-Related Depression in Ļ<sub>1</sub> Receptor Knockout Mice Is Associated with the Reversal of Pain-Induced Brain Changes in Affect-Related Genes
Mice lacking the Ļ1 receptor chaperone
(Ļ1Rā/ā) are resilient to
depressive-like
behaviors secondary to neuropathic pain. Examining the resilienceās
brain mechanisms could help develop conceptually novel therapeutic
strategies. We explored the diminished motivation for a natural reinforcer
(white chocolate) in the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) model
in wild-type (WT) and Ļ1Rā/ā mice. In the same mice, we performed a comprehensive reverse transcription
quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis across ten brain regions of seven
genes implicated in pain regulation and associated affective disorders,
such as anxiety and depression. PSNL induced anhedonic-like behavior
in WT but not in Ļ1Rā/ā mice.
In WT mice, PSNL up-regulated dopamine transporter (DAT) and its rate-limiting
enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
and periaqueductal gray (PAG) as well as the serotonin transporters
(SERT) and its rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2)
in VTA. In addition, Ī¼-opioid receptor (MOR) and Ļ1R were up-regulated in PAG, and MOR was also elevated in the
somatosensory cortex (SS) but down-regulated in the striatum (STR).
Finally, increased BDNF was found in the medial prefrontal cortex
(mPFC) and hypothalamus (HPT). Sham surgery also produced PSNL-like
expression changes in VTA, HPT, and STR. Genetic deletion of the Ļ1R in mice submitted to PSNL or sham surgery prevented changes
in the expression of most of these genes. Ļ1R is
critically involved in the supraspinal gene expression changes produced
by PSNL and sham surgery. The changes in gene expression observed
in WT mice may be related to pain-related depression, and the absence
of these changes observed in Ļ1Rā/ā mice may be related to resilience