Map of Panamá, showing the location of Trinidad de Las Minas, Capira, El Cacao County, Capira District, Western Panamá province.

<p>Map of Panamá, showing the location of Trinidad de Las Minas, Capira, El Cacao County, Capira District, Western Panamá province.</p

Study setting and similarities in sand fly species composition (A) Multinomial clusters, the black and grey solid lines are, respectively, the multinomial cluster boundaries for the 6 most abundant species in the domiciles and peridomiciles.

<p>Black symbols represent houses inside the two clusters and grey symbols represent houses outside at least one cluster (B) Agglomerative clusters of the Sørensen index for species similarity in the studied houses (C) Sørensen index of species similarity as function of between house distance.</p

Sand fly diversity sampling (A) Species accumulation curve for all the traps (peridomicilary and domiciliary, control and fogged) (B) Chao2 index on the cumulative incidence of species in the traps monitored during the study period, dotted lines are for the 95% confidence intervals and dots represent the estimates (C) Species accumulation curve for all the traps (domiciliary and peridomiciliary) of the fogged houses (D) Species accumulation curve for all the traps (domiciliary and peridomiciliary) of the control houses.

<p>(A), (C) and (D) present results for the rarefaction based species accumulation curve as function of trap nights.</p

Control and insecticide fogged houses at Trinidad de Las Minas, Capira. In the y and x axis 0.001 degree of latitude/longitude are approximately 110 m.

<p>Control and insecticide fogged houses at Trinidad de Las Minas, Capira. In the y and x axis 0.001 degree of latitude/longitude are approximately 110 m.</p

Multinomial Scan Statistics.

<p>Here we show the main clusters of the six most abundant species in the domicile and peridomicile (Environment). Houses indicate the houses included in each spatial cluster, sand fly abundance are the observed counts and observed/expected the ratio between the sand fly counts and the expectation from the null model with a spatially homogeneous multinomial distribution. T = total, A = <i>Lutzomyia trapidoi</i>, B = <i>Lu. gomezi,</i> C<i> = Lu. panamensis,</i> D = <i>Lu. olmeca,</i> E<i> = Lu. triramula,</i> F<i> = Lu. dysponeta</i>. For the analysis we assumed the maximum cluster size to be one covering 50% of the sampled sand flies and we allowed the clusters to have ellipsoidal shapes.</p><p>doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053289.t002</p

Temporal dynamics of phlebotomine sand fly species (A) Richness (B) Evenness in the domiciliary (Dom) and peridomiciliary (Per) environments of the control and fogged houses.

<p>In (A) dotted vertical lines indicate the timing of the foggings with deltamethrin.</p

Domiciliary and Peridomiciliary phlebotomine sand fly species richness in control and fogged houses.

<p>Species accumulation curve for (A) Fogged Domicile (B) Fogged Peridomicile (C) Control Domicile, (D) Control Peridomicile.).</p

LED light modified HP trap.

<p>LED light modified HP trap.</p

Resilience to Pain-Related Depression in σ₁ Receptor Knockout Mice Is Associated with the Reversal of Pain-Induced Brain Changes in Affect-Related Genes

Mice lacking the σ1 receptor chaperone (σ1R–/–) are resilient to depressive-like behaviors secondary to neuropathic pain. Examining the resilience’s brain mechanisms could help develop conceptually novel therapeutic strategies. We explored the diminished motivation for a natural reinforcer (white chocolate) in the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) model in wild-type (WT) and σ1R–/– mice. In the same mice, we performed a comprehensive reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis across ten brain regions of seven genes implicated in pain regulation and associated affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression. PSNL induced anhedonic-like behavior in WT but not in σ1R–/– mice. In WT mice, PSNL up-regulated dopamine transporter (DAT) and its rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and periaqueductal gray (PAG) as well as the serotonin transporters (SERT) and its rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) in VTA. In addition, μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and σ1R were up-regulated in PAG, and MOR was also elevated in the somatosensory cortex (SS) but down-regulated in the striatum (STR). Finally, increased BDNF was found in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hypothalamus (HPT). Sham surgery also produced PSNL-like expression changes in VTA, HPT, and STR. Genetic deletion of the σ1R in mice submitted to PSNL or sham surgery prevented changes in the expression of most of these genes. σ1R is critically involved in the supraspinal gene expression changes produced by PSNL and sham surgery. The changes in gene expression observed in WT mice may be related to pain-related depression, and the absence of these changes observed in σ1R–/– mice may be related to resilience