Estudo do efeito anti-inflamatório e imunomodulador da Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil e seus compostos majoritários no modelo da pleurisia induzida pela carragenina em camundongos

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Florianópolis, 2016.Introdução: O atual e crescente número de compostos derivados de plantas nos mais variados estágios de desenvolvimento, principalmente em estudos clínicos, indica que a investigação científica de produtos naturais é uma fonte viável na pesquisa de novos candidatos a fármacos. Neste contexto, a Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), conhecida popularmente como erva-mate, é a principal representante do gênero Ilex e uma espécie nativa da América do Sul, distribuída nas regiões subtropicais e temperadas da Argentina, Paraguai, Uruguai e Brasil. É amplamente usada na medicina popular para tratar artrite, obesidade, fadiga e acometimentos hepáticos e intestinais. Por este motivo, acreditamos que o seu estudo farmacológico merece destaque. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito anti-inflamatório e imunomodulador do extrato bruto padronizado, frações e compostos majoritários da I. paraguariensis, administrados por via oral, no modelo de pleurisia induzida pela carragenina (Cg) em camundongos. Método: Folhas secas e trituradas de I. paraguariensis foram submetidas à turbolização com etanol 20° GL para obtenção do extrato bruto (EB) liofilizado. As frações butanólica (BuOH) e residual aquosa (RAq) foram obtidas por partição com n-butanol. O perfil químico do extrato bruto foi determinado por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (CLUE) e espectrometria de massas (EM). No modelo da pleurisia, foram utilizados camundongos albinos Swiss fêmeas, 1 mês, 18-25g (PP00965/CEUA/2015). A pleurisia foi induzida de acordo com a metodologia descrita por Saleh e colaboradores (1996). Após 4 horas de pleurisia, o lavado pleural obtido dos animais pré-tratados com EB, BuOH, RAq, cafeína (Caf), rutina (Rut) ou ácido clorogênico (AcCl) foi utilizado para avaliar a migração de leucócitos totais, neutrófilos e quantificação da concentração de exsudato. Em seguida, procedeu-se a avaliação das atividades das enzimas mieloperoxidase (MPO), adenosina desaminase (ADA), quantificação da concentração dos metabólitos do óxido nítrico (NOx), concentração de citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias (IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-?, TNF-a, IL-2, IL-4 e IL-10). O tecido pulmonar também foi coletado e utilizado para avaliação histológica e para avaliar a ação dos compostos majoritários sobre a fosforilação da subunidade p65 do NF-?B (p-p65 NF-?B). Diferenças estatísticas foram determinadas por ANOVA complementada por Newman-Keuls onde PAbstract : Introduction: The current and growing number of plant-derived compounds in various stages of development, particularly in clinical trials, indicates that scientific research of natural products is a viable source in the search for new drug candidates. In this context, Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as yerba mate, is a representative of the Ilex genus and a native species of South America, distributed in subtropical and temperate regions of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil. It is widely used in folk medicine to treat arthritis, obesity, fatigue and liver and intestinal affections. For this reason, we believe that its pharmacological study must be highlighted.Objectives: Evaluate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of I. paraguariensis standardized crude extract, fractions and major compounds, orally administered, in the carrageenan (Cg)-induced murine model of pleurisy.Methodology: Dried and crushed leaves were subjected to turbolization process with 20° GL ethanol to obtain freeze-dried crude extract (EB). The butanolic fraction (BuOH) and aqueous residual fraction (RAq) were obtained by partitioning with n-butanol. The chemical profile of extract was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The pleurisy model employed female Swiss mice with 1 month, weighing 18-21g (this project was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of UFSC - PP00965 / CEUA / 2015). Pleurisy was induced according to the method described by Saleh and coworkers (1996). Four hours after pleurisy, pleural fluids leakage obtained from pretreated animals with EB, BuOH, RAq, caffeine (Caf), rutin (Rut) or chlorogenic acid (AcCl) were used to evaluate the inflammatory parameters: total leukocytes and neutrophils migration, and quantification of exudate concentration. Then, proceeded to the evaluation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities, measurement of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) concentration, quantification of pro-and anti-inflammatorycytokines (IL-6, IL-17A IFN-?, TNF-a, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10). The lung tissues of all groups were collected and used for histologic evaluation of leukocyte infiltration and edema, and lung tissues obtained from groups treated only with major compounds were used to evaluate the p65 NF-?B phosphorylation (p-p65 NF-kB). Statistical differences were determined by ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. P<0.05 values were considered significant.Results: BE, BuOH, RAq, Caf, Rut and AcCl significantly reduced the leukocyte content, due to inhibition of neutrophil migration, as well as exudation (P<0.05). The selected doses of EB fractions and major compounds showed significant effect upon MPO, ADA and NOx, and, in general, inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines related to Th1/Th17 polarization (P<0.05). EB, RAq and AcCl showed a significant increase of IL-10 concentration (P<0.05). The lung injury caused by Cg was attenuated by animals pretreatment in all groups (P<0.05). Finally, the major compounds Caf, Rut and AcCl significantly inhibited p65 NF-?B phosphorylation when compared to the Cg group (P<0.01).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that anti-inflammatory activity of I. paraguariensis in the carrageenan-induced pleurisy model is due, among other factors, to its immunomodulatory capacity at inflammatory microenvironment and this effect is partly result of the action of its major compounds on signaling pathway of NF-?B

The anti-inflammatory effect of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil (Mate) in a murine model of pleurisy.

Ilex paraguariensis is a native plant from Southern America, where it is used as a beverage. In traditional medicine, it is used to treat many diseases including inflammation. However, we do not yet know precisely how this effect occurs. We therefore evaluated its anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model of pleurisy. The standardized CE, BF and ARF fractions, Caf, Rut and CGA were able to reduce leukocyte migration, exudate concentration, MPO and ADA activities and NOx levels. Moreover, I. paraguariensis also inhibited the release of Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokines, while increasing IL-10 production and improving the histological architecture of inflamed lungs. In addition, its major compounds decreased p65 NF-κB phosphorylation. Based on our results, we can conclude that I. paraguariensis exerts its anti-inflammatory action by attenuating the Th1/Th17 polarization in this model. This fact suggests that the use of this plant as a beverage can protect against Th1/Th17 inflammatory diseases

Qualitative and quantitative analysis data of the major constituents of Ilex paraguariensis leaves by UPLC-PDA and QTOF-MS

Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. is a native plant of South America widely consumed as beverages for its ethno pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic as well as its benefits on the cardiovascular system. Since these properties are related to its chemical composition, the identification and quantification of the major compounds of I. paraguariensis extracts still remains relevant. The data described in this article supports previous results on the anti-inflammatory effect of I. paraguariensis A. St. Hil (Mate), “The anti-inflammatory effect of I. paraguariensis A. St. Hil (Mate) in a murine model of pleurisy” [1]. The present data article reports on nine major compounds identified in I. paraguariensis extracts and its related fractions by using UPLC-PDA and UPLC-QTOF. Identification of the constituents was based on their retention times, UV absorption spectra and mass spectra data, as well as by comparison with authentic samples. The validated parameters show that the quantification by UPLC-PDA methodology developed is sensitive, precise and accurate. Keywords: Ilex paraguariensis, Mate, Chemical composition, LC-PDA, LC-M

Systemic Administration of Calea pinnatifida Inhibits Inflammation Induced by Carrageenan in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Neutrophilia

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the crude extract (CE), derived fraction, and isolated compounds from Calea pinnatifida leaves in a mouse model of pulmonary neutrophilia. Methods. The CE and derived fractions, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, were obtained from C. pinnatifida leaves. The compounds 3,5- and 4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acids were isolated from the EtOAc fraction using chromatography and were identified using infrared spectroscopic data and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR). Leukocytes count, protein concentration of the exudate, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine deaminase (ADA), and nitrate/nitrite (NOx), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) levels were determined in the pleural fluid leakage after 4 h of pleurisy induction. We also analyzed the effects of isolated compounds on the phosphorylation of both p65 and p38 in the lung tissue. Results. The CE, its fractions, and isolated compounds inhibited leukocyte activation, protein concentration of the exudate, and MPO, ADA, NOx, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17A levels. 3,5- and 4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acids also inhibited phosphorylation of both p65 and p38 (P<0.05). Conclusion. This study demonstrated that C. pinnatifida presents important anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting activated leukocytes and protein concentration of the exudate. These effects were related to the inhibition of proinflammatory mediators. The dicaffeoylquinic acids may be partially responsible for these anti-inflammatory properties through the inhibition of nuclear transcription factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways